Title: The spatial dependence of container throughputs and liner shipping connectivity in coastal countries prior to the COVID-19 pandemic

Authors: Pei-Chun Lin; T.C. Edwin Cheng; Po-Yuan Huang

Addresses: Department of Transportation and Communication Management Science, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan ' Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong ' Department of Transportation and Communication Management Science, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan

Abstract: This study explored the relationship between container throughputs and liner shipping connectivity for coastal countries. We use UNCTAD data to investigate the spatial relationship between container throughput and liner shipping connectivity across a sample of 138 coastal countries. We demonstrated empirically that container throughputs are spatially clustered: the container throughput of a coastal country is similar to those of its neighbouring countries and trade agreement partners. We also showed there is a spillover effect of container throughputs; one coastal country's throughput is explained by those of other countries through spatial connections. The growth in one coastal country's container throughput has a positive ripple effect on the global economy, leading to higher throughputs in other countries. We measure the total effect of liner shipping connectivity on container throughputs, as well as compare the effects transmitted to neighbouring countries based on sea distances with those transmitted to partner countries signed trade agreements. The study's findings suggest that understanding and enhancing liner connectivity is essential for optimising container throughputs at the country level, emphasising the critical role of network structure and technological advancements in shaping maritime transport dynamics.

Keywords: liner shipping performance index; LSCI; container throughputs; connectivity; neighbouring countries; free trade agreement; spatial dependence.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSTL.2026.150447

International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 2026 Vol.22 No.1, pp.1 - 24

Received: 23 Oct 2023
Accepted: 13 Jan 2025
Published online: 14 Dec 2025 *

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