Title: Intelligent feedback control for enhanced accuracy and stability in Michelson interferometer

Authors: Asmaa A.E.H. Ali; A.A. Abouelsoud

Addresses: Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt ' Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Michelson interferometers (MIs) are frequently utilised in scientific and industrial applications that require high precision measurements. However, their effectiveness is frequently hampered by external disturbances such as temperature variations and mechanical vibrations, resulting in measurement inaccuracies and instability. This work studies the use of intelligent feedback controllers (IFCs), such as adaptive control systems (ACS) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control methods, to improve the accuracy and stability of MIs. We show that using a MI configuration with spectrum analysis for validation, we can enhance measurement accuracy, system stability, and response times. The development of an Arduino-based control system with stepper motors for real-time MI adjustment and spectrum analysis is described in detail, offering a low-cost and practical solution for dynamic situations. Experimental results show that ACS reduces measurement errors by 50% and improves response times by 30% compared to traditional PID control, making it a superior choice for applications requiring high precision and robustness. This study highlights the potential of intelligent feedback controllers in advancing interferometric systems, particularly in environments with unpredictable disturbances.

Keywords: Michelson interferometer; intelligent feedback controller; IFC; adaptive control system; ACS; proportional-integral-derivative; PID control; measurement accuracy; system stability; spectrum analysis; Arduino.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSCC.2026.150322

International Journal of Systems, Control and Communications, 2026 Vol.17 No.1, pp.52 - 70

Received: 28 Feb 2025
Accepted: 09 Jul 2025
Published online: 09 Dec 2025 *

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