Title: A comprehensive review on 3D-printed bio-ceramic scaffolds: current trends and future direction

Authors: Tanyu Donarld Kongnyui; Debashish Gogoi; Manjesh Kumar

Addresses: Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, AP, Amaravati, 522240, India; Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, SRM University, AP, Amaravati, 522240, India ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, AP, Amaravati, 522240, India; Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, SRM University, AP, Amaravati, 522240, India ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, AP, Amaravati, 522240, India; Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, SRM University, AP, Amaravati, 522240, India

Abstract: Many ceramic materials have become significant in the biomedical field due to their bio-compatibility, because of which it is called "bio-ceramics". These materials generally have the properties of biocompatible, bioresorbable, bioactive, or bioinert, with the choice of bio-ceramic depending on their application. Characterisation techniques such as optical microscopy, surface analysis, mechanical property assessment, and chemical composition evaluation are mostly used to study these scaffolds in different literature. Bio-ceramics, with their biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties, have advanced bone repair and tissue engineering. However, traditional manufacturing methods often lack the precision for complex implants. 3D-bioprinting addresses this by allowing the precise addition of bio-ceramic inks to create customised scaffolds. This paper examines the improvement in the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of printed bio-ceramic scaffolds, their current uses in tissue engineering, recent developments, and prospects. This will help in choosing bio-ceramics based on intended applications with different 3D printing processes available at present.

Keywords: bio-ceramics; bioprinting; tissue engineering (TEg); bone repair; 3D printing; mechanical properties; biocompatibility.

DOI: 10.1504/IJNBM.2025.149148

International Journal of Nano and Biomaterials, 2025 Vol.11 No.2, pp.148 - 176

Received: 09 Sep 2024
Accepted: 10 Feb 2025
Published online: 15 Oct 2025 *

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