Title: Recent security challenges and robust techniques in colour image watermarking

Authors: Chandan Kumar; Dinesh Kumar

Addresses: Department of CSE, Career Point University Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India ' Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dreamz Polytechnic, Khilra, Sundernagar, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract: Digital image watermarking is a widely used technique for ensuring the authenticity and security of digital images on the internet. While greyscale and colour image watermarking are both commonly used techniques, this paper specifically reviews the most recent security issues related to colour image watermarking. Colour image watermarking poses unique security challenges, including vulnerability to attacks that can remove or alter the watermark, compromising the image's authenticity and security. To address these challenges, researchers have developed robust watermarking techniques that embed the watermark in multiple colour channels of the image, making it difficult to remove or alter without affecting the image quality. Despite ongoing security challenges, the continued development of these techniques will help to enhance the security of digital images on the internet. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in colour image watermarking, including security and robust techniques to address these challenges.

Keywords: spatial and transform domain techniques; image watermarking; embedding; extraction; colour images.

DOI: 10.1504/IJCVR.2025.146296

International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics, 2025 Vol.15 No.3, pp.312 - 329

Received: 13 Apr 2023
Accepted: 15 Nov 2023
Published online: 19 May 2025 *

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