The conch shell as a model for tougher composites
by D.M. Williamson, W.G. Proud
International Journal of Materials Engineering Innovation (IJMATEI), Vol. 2, No. 2, 2011

Abstract: The conch shell is 95% by volume CaCO₃ (chalk), yet its toughness is 10³ times greater than that of monolithic CaCO₃. In this review paper we look at how this increase in toughness is achieved and what lessons can be learnt for designing new tough composites. Essentially, we find that the CaCO₃ is finely divided into single crystals whose relevant dimensions are below the Griffith flaw size for the anticipated stresses; thus upon failure intergranular cracking dominates. Furthermore, failure is encouraged to proceed in a controlled way, which frustrates crack growth and maximises crack surface area. This strategy of maximising damage can only be successful in combination with self-healing properties. Examples are given of synthetic analogues, so-called biomimetic materials.

Online publication date: Thu, 26-Mar-2015

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