Article: Synthesis and functionalisation of stable 'naked' gold nanoparticles Journal: International Journal of Nanotechnology (IJNT) 2017 Vol.14 No.1/2/3/4/5/6 pp.179 - 190 Abstract: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit interesting physico-chemical properties, which is a reason why they have become a highly useful and intensely studied material. The optical properties of AuNPs arise from their localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property where the colour generated depends foremost on size and shape of the AuNPs. The surface chemical properties of AuNPs are generally a function of the ligand molecules that adsorb or bind onto the NP surface. This occurs either during synthesis where the reducing agent and or its product adsorb onto the AuNP surface, or by post-synthesis modifications of the AuNPs via, e.g., ligand-exchange reactions. Engineering or functionalising the surface chemistry of NPs allows for customising the surface chemical properties of such NPs for particular applications, e.g., biosensing. To facilitate this surface engineering or functionalisation, it is desirable that the surface is essentially free of adsorbed entities, i.e., it is 'naked'. However, naked NPs tend to agglomerate/aggregate easily and need arises for stable naked NPs. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis and functionalisation of stable 'naked' AuNPs in aqueous medium using Na2S2O5 to reduce an Au3+ precursor salt at room temperature and within a few minutes. Such AuNPs have optical properties similar to those of commonly used AuNPs produced with trisodium citrate (TSC) and are stable for several months at ambient conditions. The zeta potential of such AuNPs is close to zero mV suggesting that only a surface layer adsorption of SO42- ions occurs to provide this near electrically neutral NP surface. The 'naked' AuNPs were subsequently functionalised with poly(methacrylic acid), polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween 20 and following this, with 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid to facilitate binding of the resulting functionalised AuNPs to a particular reactive target. We provide evidence for the successful and reliable functionalisation of AuNPs produced with Na2S2O5, which can open up a range of applications. Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research

Title: Synthesis and functionalisation of stable 'naked' gold nanoparticles

Authors: Andrea N.D. Kolb; James H. Johnston

Addresses: School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, and The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand ' School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, and The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand

Abstract: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit interesting physico-chemical properties, which is a reason why they have become a highly useful and intensely studied material. The optical properties of AuNPs arise from their localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property where the colour generated depends foremost on size and shape of the AuNPs. The surface chemical properties of AuNPs are generally a function of the ligand molecules that adsorb or bind onto the NP surface. This occurs either during synthesis where the reducing agent and or its product adsorb onto the AuNP surface, or by post-synthesis modifications of the AuNPs via, e.g., ligand-exchange reactions. Engineering or functionalising the surface chemistry of NPs allows for customising the surface chemical properties of such NPs for particular applications, e.g., biosensing. To facilitate this surface engineering or functionalisation, it is desirable that the surface is essentially free of adsorbed entities, i.e., it is 'naked'. However, naked NPs tend to agglomerate/aggregate easily and need arises for stable naked NPs. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis and functionalisation of stable 'naked' AuNPs in aqueous medium using Na₂S₂O₅ to reduce an Au³⁺ precursor salt at room temperature and within a few minutes. Such AuNPs have optical properties similar to those of commonly used AuNPs produced with trisodium citrate (TSC) and are stable for several months at ambient conditions. The zeta potential of such AuNPs is close to zero mV suggesting that only a surface layer adsorption of SO₄^2- ions occurs to provide this near electrically neutral NP surface. The 'naked' AuNPs were subsequently functionalised with poly(methacrylic acid), polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween 20 and following this, with 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid to facilitate binding of the resulting functionalised AuNPs to a particular reactive target. We provide evidence for the successful and reliable functionalisation of AuNPs produced with Na₂S₂O₅, which can open up a range of applications.

Keywords: gold nanoparticles; stable AuNPs; sodium metabisulfite; synthesis; functionalisation; nanotechnology; optical properties; localised surface plasmon resonance; LSPR; biosensing; surface engineering.

DOI: 10.1504/IJNT.2017.082464

International Journal of Nanotechnology, 2017 Vol.14 No.1/2/3/4/5/6, pp.179 - 190

Published online: 24 Feb 2017 *

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Title: Synthesis and functionalisation of stable 'naked' gold nanoparticles

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