Title: The effect of the 3/2/1 fluent speaking technique in teaching Turkish as a foreign language

Authors: Halit Karatay; Kadir Vefa Tezel; Hüseyin Karabuğa; Seda Kaya; Gökçen Tekin

Addresses: Institute of Graduate Studies, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey ' Institute of Graduate Studies, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey ' Institute of Graduate Studies, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey ' Institute of Graduate Studies, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey ' Institute of Graduate Studies, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey

Abstract: Fluency in speaking is a problem foreign language learner at all proficiency levels experience. To help learners cope with this problem research-proven techniques may be helpful. This study used 3/2/1, a research-tested technique, to develop the speaking fluency of learners of Turkish as a foreign language. The learners were given practice opportunities using the technique at two proficiency levels. Data were collected to determine the extent of fluency development in speaking and analysed using the number of words used by the learners per minute, the number of hesitations, repetitions, and false starts per 100 words, the number of grammar mistakes, and the use of more complex sentences in the talks of the learners. The results showed that improvements were observed in all criteria, which meant that the learners had made progress in terms of fluency, accuracy, and control of the content of their talks.

Keywords: speaking fluency; foreign language learning; speaking education; teaching Turkish as a foreign language.

DOI: 10.1504/IJKL.2026.153422

International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 2026 Vol.19 No.1, pp.39 - 59

Received: 10 Feb 2025
Accepted: 12 Nov 2025
Published online: 07 May 2026 *

Full-text access for editors Full-text access for subscribers Purchase this article Comment on this article