Title: Stochastic network calculus-based energy harvesting model for underwater agriculture

Authors: S.R. Vignesh; Rajeev Sukumaran

Addresses: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India ' Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: An underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is a specialised wireless sensor network for marine monitoring, where energy sustainability is critical since node batteries are difficult to replace. Energy harvesting (EH) from the underwater environment provides a practical solution. This research presents a novel EH framework for underwater agriculture monitoring by applying stochastic network calculus (SNC) to model and analyse the impact of delay and storage constraints on energy harvesting rate (EHR). The objective is to ensure reliable energy availability for continuous monitoring of parameters such as pH, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water quality. The main contribution lies in integrating SNC with piezoelectric-based EH to derive probabilistic delay and energy performance bounds, an approach rarely explored in underwater agriculture. Simulation results using discrete-event simulators validate the analytical model, showing that larger packet sizes increase the minimum EHR, while stricter delay requirements lower the minimum EHR under a fixed traffic rate.

Keywords: underwater wireless sensor network; UWSN; energy harvesting; EH; stochastic network calculus; SNC; energy harvesting rate; EHR.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSNET.2026.151236

International Journal of Sensor Networks, 2026 Vol.50 No.1, pp.25 - 35

Received: 18 Jun 2024
Accepted: 18 Aug 2025
Published online: 19 Jan 2026 *

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