Title: Development and validation of Urdu reading screening test for the children at risk of dyslexia

Authors: Sarah Mufti; Bushra Akram

Addresses: Department of Psychology, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, R(205), Ibne Khaldun Block, Punjab 50700, Pakistan ' Department of Psychology, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, R(205), Ibne Khaldun Block, Punjab 50700, Pakistan

Abstract: This study focused on the development of Urdu reading test (URT) for screening out at risk dyslexic children and it consisted of two phases. In phase one, psychometric properties were established on a sample of 268 primary school (grade 2 to grade 5) students. Content validity ratio was calculated. After item analysis, 45 items were retained. Structural validity was established through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and four factors were generated which were later confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency of the test for all four grades varied from good to excellent. In phase two, grade wise norms were developed on a sample of 304 students. The URT can be considered as an appropriate tool for screening of at risk dyslexic children thus it will play a significant role in devising the instructional strategies, educational plans and policies for them.

Keywords: test development; dyslexia; screening tool; validation; reading.

DOI: 10.1504/IJKL.2025.149855

International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 2025 Vol.18 No.6, pp.585 - 599

Accepted: 03 Jun 2024
Published online: 14 Nov 2025 *

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