Title: A multi-objective GA approach for optimising gateway placement in a 5G-enabled vehicular delay-tolerant smart city transportation network

Authors: Ronild Hako; Orjola Jaupi; Evjola Spaho

Addresses: Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Faculty of Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Tirana, 'Nene Tereza' Square No. 1, Tirana, Albania ' Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Faculty of Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Tirana, 'Nene Tereza' Square No. 1, Tirana, Albania ' Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Faculty of Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Tirana, 'Nene Tereza' Square No. 1, Tirana, Albania

Abstract: In this paper a multi-objective genetic algorithm is applied to optimise the gateway placement in a bus transportation network within a system of systems (SoS) framework, where an integrated architecture based on 5G and vehicular delay-tolerant network (VDTN) is used. The algorithm's objectives are to minimise the number of gateways, load balance the traffic of different gateways, maximise the radio coverage and ensure the coverage of all bus stops. Different simulations are conducted considering: changing the number of bus lines, the radius of gateways, and considering some mandatory coordinates of gateway nodes. Simulations conducted on Tirana's bus network (21 lines, 267 stops) demonstrate that a 500 m gateway radius achieves a balanced solution with 67 gateways covering 47.4 km2 (0.71 km2/gateway) and a load standard deviation of 1.71. Reducing the network to 15 bus lines (165 stops) improved load balancing, achieving 17 gateways at 1,000 m radius (2.98 km2/gateway) with a deviation of 2.51. Enforcing mandatory gateway locations reduced the required gateways by 2-12%, depending on the tested scenario. The results show the ability of algorithm to adapt to different network configurations and constraints and to offer fast solutions for improving network performance and efficiency.

Keywords: multi-objective genetic algorithm; node placement; 5G; vehicular delay-tolerant network; VDTN; system of systems; SoS; smart city.

DOI: 10.1504/IJWGS.2025.147130

International Journal of Web and Grid Services, 2025 Vol.21 No.2, pp.221 - 244

Received: 02 May 2025
Accepted: 26 May 2025
Published online: 10 Jul 2025 *

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