Title: Total factor productivity and education on CO₂ emissions: evidence from ASEAN + 3 countries

Authors: Noorazeela Zainol Abidin; Mai Syaheera Miau Shaari

Addresses: Faculty of Business & Communication, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jalan Kangar Alor-Setar, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia ' School of Economics, Finance & Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia

Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel combustion significantly contribute to environmental degradation and climate change, leading to severe societal impacts, such as extreme weather and disrupted agriculture. This study examines the relationship between total factor productivity (TFP), educational attainment, and CO₂ emissions in selected ASEAN + 3 countries from 1991 to 2022. Using dynamic panel data methods and the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator, findings reveal that while population growth and economic development positively affect CO₂ emissions, TFP and education have a negative long-term impact. In the short term, only population growth is statistically significant. Prioritising TFP growth and responsible consumption can reduce emissions. Higher educational attainment fosters innovation in low-carbon technologies, accelerating emission reductions across industries. Policymakers can facilitate TFP growth and promote climate-friendly practices, while educated individuals play a crucial role in systematically mitigating CO₂ emissions.

Keywords: CO₂ emissions; economic growth; education; TFP; total factor productivity.

DOI: 10.1504/IJENVH.2024.144147

International Journal of Environment and Health, 2024 Vol.11 No.2, pp.158 - 173

Received: 25 Jul 2023
Accepted: 01 Nov 2024
Published online: 28 Jan 2025 *

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