Title: Analysis of penicillin binding sites for determining antibiotic resistance in Pakistan

Authors: Amna Amin Sethi; Amna Farrukh; Aena Rasheed; Eesha Adnan; Muhammad Abdullah Khan

Addresses: Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan ' Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan ' Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan ' Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan ' Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has now become a global challenge. The increasing resistance of bacteria combined with the misuse of drugs has led to an era of antibiotics that prove to be of no value to the affected individual. This raises the question of how to encounter antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and what reason lies behind the increasing resistance of these bacteria. This research has shown the causes of resistance due to motif combinations, identified through the literature review. Two methods were employed for curation: manual and automation through a designed code. The results indicate that the decreasing number of motifs has shown higher resistance of bacteria. This study would help in identifying a mutation pattern that could encounter the antibiotic effectiveness problem. The obtained results can be further validated through experimental procedures to deduce a concrete hypothesis and to design alternatives to the existing ineffective antibiotics.

Keywords: antibiotics; antimicrobial resistance; AMR; penicillin binding sites; motifs; Pakistan.

DOI: 10.1504/IJBRA.2023.139122

International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications, 2023 Vol.19 No.5/6, pp.402 - 411

Received: 29 Jul 2023
Accepted: 06 Nov 2023
Published online: 14 Jun 2024 *

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