Title: Bureaucratic gaming: causes and consequences for policy-making

Authors: Jeannette Taylor; Joshua McDonnell; Hang Duong

Addresses: Institute for Future Government, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea ' School of Social Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6099, Australia ' School of Social Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6099, Australia

Abstract: Performance management (PM) systems are now widely used by governments to hold public organisations to account for the delivery of public policies. Yet, numerous empirical studies have reported that these systems have encouraged bureaucrats to manipulate their behaviour and engage in gaming of performance measures and targets. This article on bureaucratic gaming of performance measures and targets addresses three questions. First, what is bureaucratic gaming? Second, what are the primary causes of bureaucratic gaming? Third, what are the main consequences of bureaucratic gaming for policy-making? A review of empirical studies on bureaucratic gaming points to issues relating to policy performance, the well-being of policy-takers, and policy actors' trust in PM.

Keywords: performance; performance management; performance measurement; performance monitoring; evaluation; gaming; efficiency; effectiveness; quality; equity; risk-taking; trust.

DOI: 10.1504/IJPP.2022.127430

International Journal of Public Policy, 2022 Vol.16 No.5/6, pp.253 - 269

Received: 19 Aug 2021
Accepted: 26 Jan 2022
Published online: 05 Dec 2022 *

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