Title: Barriers and challenges to emergency medical services response to disasters and mass casualty incidents in the Middle East

Authors: Waleed Alazmy; Brett Williams

Addresses: Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Level 1, Building H, Peninsula Campus, McMahons Road, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia ' Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Level 1, Building H, Peninsula Campus, McMahons Road, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia

Abstract: Background: Efficient response by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) mitigates the risk of associated high mortality and morbidity in disasters. This scoping review aims to explore the extent, range and nature of the existing literature on barriers and challenges faced by the EMS in responding to disasters and Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs) in the Middle East. Methods: A scoping review utilising Arksey and O'Malley's six-step framework was undertaken. Results: A total of 2858 publications were identified in the initial search. After the removal of duplicates, 2668 papers remained. Consensus was reached on 11 publications for final review. After full-analysis of the papers, communication and preparedness were the two major barriers or challenges identified in the literature. Conclusion: The development of education, communication strategies, and standardised policies for EMS across all phases of disasters and MCIs are essential to improve the service in the future.

Keywords: ambulances; barriers; challenges; disaster response; emergency care; emergency medical services; EMTs; emergency medical technician; MCIs; mass casualty incidents; Middle East; paramedics; pre-hospital.

DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2021.122928

International Journal of Emergency Management, 2021 Vol.17 No.2, pp.105 - 121

Received: 13 Dec 2019
Accepted: 17 Feb 2021

Published online: 17 May 2022 *

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