Title: The road to autonomous mobility services: who drives the transition, where, and how?

Authors: Marc Alochet; Christophe Midler; Yongyi Shou; Xieshu Wang

Addresses: CNRS – Ecole Polytechnique, The Interdisciplinary Institute for Innovation, Bât. ENSTA, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, F-91762, Palaiseau cedex, France ' CNRS – Ecole Polytechnique, The Interdisciplinary Institute for Innovation, Bât. ENSTA, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, F-91762, Palaiseau cedex, France ' School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China ' Centre de recherche en Économie de l'université Paris-Nord (CNRS, UMR 7234), Université Paris 13, 99 avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France

Abstract: Due to many technological and non-technological factors the automotive sector is currently initiating a transition towards innovative mobility services using autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we ask where this transition might lead, which actors are capable of carrying it out, and what role they might play in its emergence. Drawing on the socio-technical transition paradigm and multi-level perspective framework, we use a mobility service characterisation framework to explore this question through an empirical study of ten emblematic mobility initiatives in the USA, Europe, and China. Our results reveal a variety of service designs that we characterise through three different ideal types: mobility service added to product, robotaxi, and territorialised open mobility platform. Our contribution is two-fold: we characterise the respective leverage of incumbents and newcomers, and we highlight the roles of automakers, mobility operators, technology companies, construction companies, and public authorities in initiating this transition.

Keywords: sociotechnical transition; multi-level perspective; MLP; mobility service; autonomous vehicle; robotaxi; mobility platform.

DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2021.119404

International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, 2021 Vol.21 No.4, pp.343 - 364

Received: 14 Jul 2021
Accepted: 19 Jul 2021
Published online: 02 Dec 2021 *

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