Title: Heterogeneous hybrid entrepreneurs - framing the variation in entrepreneurial effort and motives for hybrid entrepreneurship

Authors: Philippe Rouchy; Sam Tavassoli; Joakim Wernberg

Addresses: Department of Industrial Economics, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden ' RMIT University, School of Management, 440 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne Vic 3000, Australia; CIRLE – Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 16, 223 62 Lund, Sweden ' Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum, Grevgatan 34, 114 53 Stockholm, Sweden; CIRLE – Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 16, 223 62 Lund, Sweden

Abstract: This paper brings together two important distinctions in the study of entrepreneurship: the difference between full-time and hybrid entrepreneurship and the difference between productive and unproductive or predatory entrepreneurship. We combine the literature on hybrid entrepreneurship, primarily identifying significant differences compared with full-time entrepreneurs, with an adapted framework to distinguish different motives for entrepreneurial effort aimed at productive or unproductive and predatory outcomes. This provides an overview which allows us to identify potential venues for further research to understand both hybrid entrepreneurship and the role it may play in the economy in the future.

Keywords: hybrid entrepreneurship; productive entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial effort.

DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2021.112267

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2021 Vol.42 No.1/2, pp.115 - 129

Accepted: 18 Jun 2019
Published online: 06 Jan 2021 *

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