Article: Modelling and operation of the energy hub considering electric vehicles and energy reserve systems and demand side management Journal: International Journal of Critical Infrastructures (IJCIS) 2026 Vol.22 No.16 pp.1 - 30 Abstract: The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into energy systems has significant potential to enhance efficiency and sustainability in both the transportation and energy sectors. An energy hub (EH) is a concept that optimises renewable energy (RE) use and that of EVs through integration with diversified energy sources. Therefore, this paper proposes an EH modelling approach for communications between demands, supplies, and energy storage (ES) for EVs. With the help of one of the flexible storage EVs, energy consumption is optimised, leading to cost minimisation. Thus, this model, in the form of a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, aims to minimise the energy prices of EH, considering supply-demand constraints and also RE availability. A case study of a local EH containing EVs reveals the potential for substantial cost savings without sacrificing the quality of services. Therefore, this work contributes to EH modelling by integrating EVs and RE sources in a manner that establishes a framework suitable for optimising and decision-making in energy systems. Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research

Title: Modelling and operation of the energy hub considering electric vehicles and energy reserve systems and demand side management

Authors: Hejuan Chen

Addresses: School of Intelligent Equipment and Automotive Engineering, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214153, China

Abstract: The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into energy systems has significant potential to enhance efficiency and sustainability in both the transportation and energy sectors. An energy hub (EH) is a concept that optimises renewable energy (RE) use and that of EVs through integration with diversified energy sources. Therefore, this paper proposes an EH modelling approach for communications between demands, supplies, and energy storage (ES) for EVs. With the help of one of the flexible storage EVs, energy consumption is optimised, leading to cost minimisation. Thus, this model, in the form of a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, aims to minimise the energy prices of EH, considering supply-demand constraints and also RE availability. A case study of a local EH containing EVs reveals the potential for substantial cost savings without sacrificing the quality of services. Therefore, this work contributes to EH modelling by integrating EVs and RE sources in a manner that establishes a framework suitable for optimising and decision-making in energy systems.

Keywords: energy hub; electric vehicles; mixed-integer linear programming; MILP; renewable energy; optimisation techniques; decision making; energy sources; transition of energy; energy consumption.

DOI: 10.1504/IJCIS.2026.157597

International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, 2026 Vol.22 No.16, pp.1 - 30

Received: 26 Mar 2025
Accepted: 24 Jun 2025
Published online: 12 Nov 2026 *

Title: Modelling and operation of the energy hub considering electric vehicles and energy reserve systems and demand side management

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