Title: Women entrepreneurs in Afghanistan: from opportunities to oppression

Authors: Masihullah Nemat; Chitra Krishnan

Addresses: Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra, 412115, India ' Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, Block-A, Plot no. 47 & 48, Sector-62, Noida, 201301, India

Abstract: The rise of the women's enterprising community in recent decades has piqued the interest of many governmental and non-governmental organisations. Women play an essential role in entrepreneurship, making significant socioeconomic contributions in many countries. This study seeks to examine the social, economic, and cultural factors that limit women's participation in entrepreneurship in Afghanistan. It highlights how women are restricted in their enterprises due to low education standards, scarce resources, and cultural constraints. Using interviews and a questionnaire survey, this study identifies the challenges faced by Afghan women entrepreneurs and offers strategic recommendations for fostering the development of their business ventures. The findings reveal the persistent strength and creativity of Afghan women, which may be hindered if these challenges remain unaddressed. Suggestions for improvement include expanding educational opportunities, providing fundraising support, promoting professional networks, and implementing legal reforms. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the barriers faced by women entrepreneurs in Afghanistan and explores potential strategies to support their growth and success.

Keywords: Afghanistan; women entrepreneurship; cultural factors; legal changes; educational opportunities; women's enterprising community; WEC.

DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2026.155702

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2026 Vol.59 No.1, pp.1 - 19

Received: 24 Sep 2024
Accepted: 26 Feb 2025
Published online: 11 Aug 2026 *

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