Article: Energy harvesting-based routing for prolonging sensor node lifespan in underwater networks using stochastic network calculus Journal: International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing (IJAHUC) 2026 Vol.52 No.2 pp.91 - 105 Abstract: Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are crucial for marine monitoring, disaster prediction, and underwater surveillance, but their performance is limited by energy constraints and harsh, unpredictable environments. Conventional deterministic models fail to capture underwater randomness, leading to inefficient energy management and unreliable communication. This work proposes an adaptive framework integrating stochastic network calculus (SNC) with piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) to enhance energy efficiency and network reliability. The model incorporates pH-based environmental variations within the SNC framework to dynamically regulate energy utilisation. Performance is evaluated against depth-based routing (DBR) and vector-based forwarding (VBF) using metrics such as: packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), end-to-end delay (E2E), throughput, path loss, and energy consumption. Results show significant improvements in network lifespan, energy efficiency, latency reduction, and data reliability. The proposed probabilistic approach provides a scalable and sustainable solution for real-time, next-generation UWSNs operating in dynamic aquatic environments. Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research

Title: Energy harvesting-based routing for prolonging sensor node lifespan in underwater networks using stochastic network calculus

Authors: S.R. Vignesh; Rajeev Sukumaran

Addresses: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India ' Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are crucial for marine monitoring, disaster prediction, and underwater surveillance, but their performance is limited by energy constraints and harsh, unpredictable environments. Conventional deterministic models fail to capture underwater randomness, leading to inefficient energy management and unreliable communication. This work proposes an adaptive framework integrating stochastic network calculus (SNC) with piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) to enhance energy efficiency and network reliability. The model incorporates pH-based environmental variations within the SNC framework to dynamically regulate energy utilisation. Performance is evaluated against depth-based routing (DBR) and vector-based forwarding (VBF) using metrics such as: packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), end-to-end delay (E2E), throughput, path loss, and energy consumption. Results show significant improvements in network lifespan, energy efficiency, latency reduction, and data reliability. The proposed probabilistic approach provides a scalable and sustainable solution for real-time, next-generation UWSNs operating in dynamic aquatic environments.

Keywords: underwater wireless sensor networks; UWSNs; stochastic network calculus; SNC; piezoelectric energy harvesting; PEH; pH-based modelling; network sustainability.

DOI: 10.1504/IJAHUC.2026.154336

International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 2026 Vol.52 No.2, pp.91 - 105

Received: 06 Mar 2025
Accepted: 22 Apr 2025
Published online: 23 Jun 2026 *

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Title: Energy harvesting-based routing for prolonging sensor node lifespan in underwater networks using stochastic network calculus

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