Title: A sustainable demand disruption recovery model considering non-zero lead time and advance payment policy during any emergency like COVID-19 pandemic

Authors: Dolagobinda Das; Gauranga Charan Samanta

Addresses: P.G. Department of Mathematics, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, India ' P.G. Department of Mathematics, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, India

Abstract: This study considers three time frames (i.e., before lock-down, during lock-down, and after lock-down) and takes three distinct time-dependent demands that are effective for three time frames. Before lock-down, we use a linear time-dependent demand function; during lock-down, we use a demand function that suddenly drops close to zero due to lock-down restrictions; after a period of time, demand slowly increases to meet customers basic needs, and after the government relaxes lock-down restrictions, demand abruptly increases due to customers panic buying and overstocking nature. Subsequently, non-instantaneous deterioration rate is considered. Due to a significant rise in demand after lock-down, this research permits a shortage that is partially backlogged along with a non-zero lead time and also considers the advance payment policy to reduce the order cancellation rate. Also, green technology is implemented to reduce carbon emissions. Finally, sensitivity experiments are conducted on a few examples to validate the model.

Keywords: demand disruption; deterioration; advance payment; COVID-19 lock-down; green inventory model; carbon emission.

DOI: 10.1504/IJMOR.2025.149921

International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research, 2025 Vol.32 No.3, pp.348 - 389

Received: 31 Aug 2023
Accepted: 31 Dec 2023
Published online: 18 Nov 2025 *

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