Title: A review on the diaper waste issue: generation, composition, disposal and valorising potential

Authors: Arshana Remla; M. Latha; M. John Robert Prince

Addresses: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608001, India ' Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu 608001, India ' Department of Civil Engineering, St. Thomas College of Engineering and Technology, Chengannur, P.O. Kozhuvalloor, Kerala 689521, India

Abstract: The exponential growth in the usage of diapers worldwide has led to a significant increase in diaper waste generation, posing serious environmental and health challenges. The improper disposal of diapers has raised concerns about potential pollution, chemical leaching, and landfill overcrowding. This paper aims to explore the complexities of diaper waste and present sustainable solutions to mitigate its adverse impacts. The review examines disposable diaper's generation, composition, materials, and chemicals, highlighting environmental and health risks, and analyses current waste management practices like landfilling, incineration, pyrolysis, and composting thereby emphasising the need for eco-friendly strategies. The paper also explores innovative valorisation approaches like advanced recycling technologies, biodegradable materials, and waste-to-energy conversion methods, highlighting their feasibility and potential for minimising environmental impact. By implementing responsible practices and supporting research in this field, society can move towards a cleaner and more sustainable approach to diaper waste management.

Keywords: sustainable diaper disposal; hygiene waste management; generation; composition; disposal; valorising potential; public health; landfill; recycling; composting; incineration; life cycle analysis; waste-to-energy; circular economy approaches.

DOI: 10.1504/IJEWM.2025.150154

International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 2025 Vol.38 No.4, pp.484 - 516

Received: 11 Aug 2023
Accepted: 19 May 2024
Published online: 02 Dec 2025 *

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