Title: From shovels to snowploughs: the evolution of snow clearance infrastructure in Kashmir, India

Authors: Nadeem Akbar Najar; D. Parthasarathy; Arnab Jana

Addresses: Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076, India; Public Works (R&B) Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India ' Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076, India ' Centre for Urban Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076, India

Abstract: This research examines the evolution of snow clearance infrastructure in the Kashmir Valley and its direct link to critical infrastructure-transportation. The study analyses numerous data sources such as snow removal action plans, departmental letters, notes, presentations, requisition letters, and official communications using a qualitative research approach, specifically content analysis. The research demonstrates the severe influence of snow removal on critical infrastructure by applying the theoretical framework of punctuated equilibrium theory and analysing its components, including pluralism, conflict expansion, policy image, and venue shopping. The data show a major shift from manual snow removal practices to mechanised operations between 1987 and 2022, which was driven by significant punctuations. Furthermore, the study emphasises the continual evolution of snow removal practices in Kashmir, with a focus on the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies and globally popular methodologies to ensure the resilience and functionality of critical transportation networks. The study provides important insights for policymakers and winter road maintenance managers involved in managing essential infrastructure in snowy regions.

Keywords: critical infrastructure; snow clearance; evolution; punctuations; policy; action plans; India.

DOI: 10.1504/IJCIS.2025.146871

International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, 2025 Vol.21 No.3, pp.209 - 227

Received: 28 Apr 2023
Accepted: 22 Jul 2023
Published online: 24 Jun 2025 *

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