Title: Do occupation, work status and gender cause variations in wages? Case of Indian labour market

Authors: Sonu Madan; Surender Mor

Addresses: Department of Economics, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari, India ' Department of Economics, BPS Women University, Sonipat, India

Abstract: This paper attempts to examine variations in wage earnings of workforce contributing to Indian labour market as own-account workers and regular wage/salaried employees, employing GLM: ANCOVA, a combination of ANOVA and regression. Three-factor full factorial design has been used to explore earnings from work for different factors, i.e., occupation, work status and gender along with educational attainment of workers as a covariate. The findings report significant variations in the earnings from work in various occupations, i.e., highest for managers and lowest for elementary workers. In contrast, the work status exhibits less monetary rewards for own account workers than that of regular wage/salaried employees. The verdict further establishes the fact that male workers tend to earn more than their female counterparts. However, two-way and three-way interaction of occupation, work status and gender indicate that the monetary outcomes change significantly in response to consideration of the interaction of factor(s) of relevance.

Keywords: ANCOVA; earning; gender; occupation; own-account workers; salaried employees; work force; work status.

DOI: 10.1504/IJEPEE.2025.146765

International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 2025 Vol.21 No.4, pp.317 - 334

Received: 28 Oct 2020
Accepted: 19 Apr 2021
Published online: 17 Jun 2025 *

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