United Arab Emirates-Pakistan: the role of rail in green and economical intermodal and multimodal
by Rizwan Shoukat; Xiaoqiang Zhang; Ayesha Saeed
International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics (IJSTL), Vol. 15, No. 3/4, 2022

Abstract: Multimodal freight transport has several advantages over other modes of transport and contributes to cost savings and reduced negative environmental impacts. We examined the multi-objective distribution network problem for the multimodal (road, rail, and sea) and intermodal (road and sea) freight transport sector of Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates. The mixed-integer programming (MIP) model is used to formulate the problem of cost minimisation and CO₂ emissions. Pakistan contributes significantly to regional air pollution as a result of its reliance on road transportation. We solved the MIP problem using the multi-objective bat algorithm (MOBA) and compared the MOBA with multi-objective particle swarm optimisation (MOPSO), and multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (MO-NSGA-II) to analyse the performance of each algorithm. Pareto fronts assist decision makers in balancing cost and CO₂ emissions in our study. The results confirm that considerable differences exist in terms of cost (25%) and CO₂ emissions (66%) reductions.

Online publication date: Mon, 14-Nov-2022

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