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  • A study in the International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics has outlined strategies to help liner shipping companies navigate the global market more effectively. The work was undertaken by Umur Bucak of the Department of Maritime Business Administration at Kocaeli University in Turkey against a challenging seascape. The study identifies key trends that are shaping the sector and offers practical insights for how companies might maintain competitiveness and build bridges to span the many challenges they face.

    Bucak focused on the impact of geopolitical tensions, environmental regulations, and crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The work emphasises how liner shipping companies must be able to change course quickly to benefit from changes in the market.

    Using a combination of expected utilities theory and competitive advantage theory, Bucak was able to assess the prevalent market trends, which include digital transformation, decarbonisation initiatives, and supply chain integration. These trends are all key to making strategic decisions in the industry.

    In order to determine effective strategies that would align with these trends, Bucak then used a hybrid methodology involving a fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The work showed that the prioritization of rapid shipping between ports emerged as particularly beneficial and reflects the industry's focus on speed and reliability amid rising freight rates and port congestion. The research also considers the economic implications of the trends identified by Bucak. By providing a framework for decision-making, his work could assist industry practitioners anchor themselves in a competitive market.

    The study thus represents a significant step towards understanding and responding to changes within the liner shipping market. By using methodological innovations and theoretical frameworks, the research offers new and invaluable guidance for companies seeking to thrive amidst market shifts.

    Bucak, U. (2024) 'Expected utilities of liner shipping market trends: how can companies benefit?', Int. J. Shipping and Transport Logistics, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.92–110.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJSTL.2024.137588

  • A study of economic indicators in the wine industry across the European Union has shown significant variation between member states. Many of these are influenced by factors such as vineyard size and specialization.

    Writing in the Journal for Global Business Advancement, a team from Cyprus explains how they used the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) methodology to examine the economic indicators crucial for assessing the financial health of wine-producing farms. Aleksandra Figurek, Alkis Thrassou, and Demetris Vrontis of the University of Nicosia in Cyprus, EU, focused on metrics such as farm net value added (FNVA), FNVA per annual working unit (AWU), farm net income (FNI), and family farm income (FFI/FWU) for wine producers participating in the FADN. The team's analysis provides insights into productivity and profitability by looking at the ratio between total output and input utilization, including intermediate consumption and specific expenses.

    Despite this diversity between EU member states, the FADN methodology uses a standardized framework for analysing financial performance. It is this that allowed the team to identify best practices and areas for improvement, which could be useful for various stakeholders across the wine industry in different parts of the EU.

    The transition to the Farm Sustainability Data Network (FSDN) for many wine producers highlights the opportunity to expand data collection efforts to include environmental and social practices. This integrated approach enables a more comprehensive assessment of agricultural performance, which could help stakeholder decision-making at the local, micro, and macro levels. Additionally, the implementation of the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (2023 to 2027), which prioritizes environmental sustainability and support for smaller farmers, aims to align agricultural growth with ecological and technological goals while enhancing competitiveness. The data analysis could thus help evaluate the efficacy of the CAP.

    This research shows how new data methodologies can be used to study what programs are improving economic performance in wine production across the EU. By using such data-driven insights and seeing how this fits in with the ever-changing policy frameworks, the EU wine industry might at once address the challenges it faces and capitalize on the opportunities for sustainable growth and competitiveness in the global market.

    Figurek, A., Thrassou, A. and Vrontis, D. (2023) 'Economic performance of wine production in EU: a multi-indicator comparative analysis', J. Global Business Advancement, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.3–30.
    DOI: 10.1504/JGBA.2023.137469

  • A recent study in the International Journal of Learning and Change has looked at how consumers interpret masculinity in advertising. The study reveals some intriguing findings and sheds light on how active engagement is shaped by an analysis of the portrayals of masculinity in advertisements on the well-known video-sharing platform YouTube.

    Toms Kreicbergs and Deniss Šceulovs of Riga Technical University in Riga, Latvia, took YouTube comments as a source of qualitative data and found that consumers consider various factors beyond the immediate presentation. Such factors included the broader cultural context and comparisons with the approach of others in the advertising world. Surprisingly, the study highlights that the depiction of masculinity often takes precedence over the advertised product itself. This suggests that the marketing is often more important than the product itself in influencing consumer perception and purchasing intention.

    At a time when societal norms surrounding masculinity are evolving, it is interesting to note that traditional depictions persist alongside emerging ideals that otherwise challenge gender stereotypes. With increasing awareness and acceptance of diverse gender identities, consumers are scrutinizing advertisements for their portrayal of masculinity, seeking authenticity and inclusivity and by turn increasingly making their buying decisions in this context.

    The research suggests that humour can effectively convey traditional masculinity without eliciting negative reactions. However, there is a need to embrace progressive and diverse representations as these are increasingly important to society and so to advertisers hoping to sit easily within the evolving cultural world. To be successful, advertisers need to write copy and produce advertisements that resonate with what we might refer to as the modern audience. Indeed, brands that successfully navigate this fragmented landscape might ultimately build stronger connections with consumers who value authenticity and representation and become loyal followers of said brands and perhaps even word-of-mouth advocates of those brands and what they perceive them to stand for.

    In contrast to what one might expect, the research indicates that on the whole consumers react positively to the portrayal of masculinity in advertising. The finding suggests that such advertisements might serve as a cultural touchstone for those who see them. This finding challenges previous assumptions about consumer attitudes toward gender portrayals in marketing and underscores the evolving nature of societal norms. There is thus a need for a more comprehensive approach to understanding consumer attitudes by incorporating surveys, focus groups, and expert interviews alongside existing methods.

    Kreicbergs, T. and Šceulovs, D. (2024) 'A qualitative study of consumer perceptions about masculinity in advertising: content, sentiment, and discourse analysis', Int. J. Learning and Change, Vol. 16, Nos. 2/3, pp.327–348.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJLC.2024.137503

  • Research in the International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems discusses a new approach to the identification of ingredients in photographs of food. The work will be useful in our moving forward on food safety endeavours. Sharanabasappa A. Madival and Shivkumar S. Jawaligi of Sharnbasva University in Kalburgi, Karanataka, India, used a two-stage process of feature extraction and classification to improve on previous approaches to ingredient identification in this context.

    The team explain that their approach used Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based deep features to extract both image and textual features. Once extracted, the features are fed into a hybrid classifier, which merges Neural Network (NN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models. The team explains that precision of their model can be further refined through the application of the Chebyshev Map Evaluated Teamwork Optimization (CME-TWO) algorithm. All of this leads to an accurate identification of the ingredients.

    Food management in a globalised world is critical to worldwide supply chains, to food security, traceability and detection of fake food and food fraud. We, as consumers and diners, need to know that the ingredients in the food we eat, especially in the context of diverse dietary preferences and health considerations, are valid.

    The team found that their approach works more effectively than current ingredient identification systems. Specifically, they demonstrated that the HC + CME-TWO model performs the best by a large margin, which can thus be taken as indicating a significant advancement in this area. It is the use of a hybrid classifier and the fine-tuning of weightings using the CME-TWO algorithm that leads to the marked improvement in accuracy and reliability. Moreover, the team says that there is still room for improvement in terms of shortening processing times through optimization.

    The work focuses on food safety but could be used to address the challenges facing regulators and others attempting to ensure food authenticity, especially among high-value foods.

    Madival, S.A. and Jawaligi, S.S. (2024) 'Food ingredient recognition model via image and textual feature extraction and hybrid classification strategy', Int. J. Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.74–90.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2024.137455

  • A study in the International Journal of Computational Systems Engineering has introduced a new approach to identifying depression through the analysis of online comments, particularly on social media platforms, including Reddit, one of the earliest and still-popular microblogging systems. K.G. Saranya, C.H. Babitha Reddy, M. Bhavyasree, M. Rubika, and E. Varsha of PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India, have used machine learning techniques, specifically the BERT model, to pick out signs of depression in the language patterns used online discussions.

    The BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) model is a type of natural language processing (NLP) model developed by researchers at Google in 2018. It belongs to the family of Transformer models, which have become increasingly popular in NLP tasks due to their effectiveness in capturing long-range dependencies in text.

    In contemporary health discussions, mental wellbeing has come to the fore, especially since the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The current research could fill critical gaps in conventional mental health diagnostics. Where traditional approaches remain challenging, there is a need for more wide-ranging methods that might be used to identify issues as they arise without the need to head into the clinic for full-blown assessment prior to a healthcare intervention.

    The BERT model has promise in accurately distinguishing between individuals exhibiting signs of depression and those who are not. The team explains that their approach integrates collaborative filtering techniques to recommend tailored therapies based on identified depression patterns It has an accuracy rate of 87 percent which obviously leaves room for improvement, which is where further investigation or help would come into its own.

    The implications of this research are far-reaching. By harnessing the power of AI and computational methods, early diagnosis of mental health problems, specifically depression in this instance, could become more accessible and efficient. The ability to detect depression through online interactions could free up healthcare workers to work with more challenging cases, but more importantly for the individual, allow earlier diagnosis and intervention to support them when they face, previously unrecognised mental problems.

    The next step will be to expand the dataset to other online communities with different userbases, ethos, and approach to allow accurate and applicable diagnoses to be made essentially independently of the platform being analysed. The team will continue to refine the algorithms used and thus to improve accuracy and develop approaches to offer personalized interventions and treatments tailored to the individual.

    Saranya, K.G., Reddy, C.H.B., Bhavyasree, M., Rubika, M. and Varsha, E. (2024) 'Depression prediction and therapy recommendation using machine learning technique', Int. J. Computational Systems Engineering, Vol. 8, Nos. 1/2, pp.120–127.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJCSYSE.2024.137475

  • Web applications increasingly underpin other technologies and systems not least cloud computing services and the Internet of Things networks, smart infrastructure, and much more. Safeguarding user privacy on various systems and networks that use web applications has emerged as a critical concern among computer security experts.

    Among the many threats they have to address and defeat are so-called cache side-channel attacks within virtualization systems as these are gaining prominence and being exploited widely by malicious and criminal third parties. Commonly, such attacks will allow the third party to steal a cryptographic key from a user and thus gain access to any data protected by that key.

    Writing in the International Journal of Security and Networks, Sangeetha Ganesan of the Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science at the R.M.K College of Engineering and Technology in Tamil Nadu, India, explains how the almost ubiquitous web development programming language JavaScript enables access to various APIs and sensors. It is the prevalence of this language, however, that leads to privacy concerns where vulnerabilities are found and exploited by malicious third-parties. For instance, cache side-channel attacks exploit shared cache memory to allow a third party to illicitly access private, personal or otherwise sensitive information held within the cache from various users on the system by exploiting vulnerabilities in Javascript.

    Unlike more conventional threats, cache side-channel attacks work by detecting the subtle differences in access times between cached and uncached values to allow the third party to extract information. Some of the malware available to such third parties is very fast and effective and so countermeasures are urgently needed to protect vulnerable systems from abuse.

    To address this growing problem, Ganesan has developed the Browser Watcher system. This security solution can defend against time-based cache side-channel attacks. It works by prioritising the security of the putative victim's secret keys. When it detects an ongoing attack, the system promptly flushes the Last Level Cache, which effectively thwarts any attempt to steal data from the cache. This proactive approach might lead to a temporary drop in computing performance, but that is a price worth paying for securing one's data when under attack.

    Ganesan, S. (2024) 'Enabling secure modern web browsers against cache-based timing attacks', Int. J. Security and Networks, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.43–54.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJSN.2024.137330

  • A new method for classifying electronic music has been developed by researchers in China. The approach offers a novel solution in an age of exploding digital content to curating music libraries and streaming services. Writing in the International Journal of Arts and Technology, Hongyuan Wu and Lin Zhu of the College of Music at Chong'qing Normal University, explain how such services are currently overwhelmed in terms of valid classification methods.

    Traditional approaches are simplistic, based on labelling, and not keeping up with modern use and tastes. The team points out that classifying electronic music by genre is particularly difficult as this broad genre has wide and diffuse boundaries between different styles that are often highly subjective and influenced by cultural nuances.

    The team's new approach uses a complex decision tree framework to achieve high accuracy and speed up processing times, making a leap from 33-and-a-third to 45, you might say! The process starts with noise removal using principal component analysis and then segments the track into small chunks. The features from each chunk are then extracted using a method known as short-time Fourier transform. The team then fine-tunes their decision tree model to achieve the most precise classification possible.

    Indeed, their tests have shown that their method can be very effective, with a classification accuracy up to 98.6 percent. The implications go far beyond academic interest, with potential applications across the music and other industries. Music streaming services and online libraries rely heavily on accurate genre classification and could take advantage of this new approach to allow them to organize their collections and market music more subtly to their users. Users might include everyday music fans or those involved in the media or elsewhere who need specific styles of music to accompany their creative outputs.

    For instance, the classification approach should make it easier for everyday users to explore music, discover new sounds or retrieve golden oldies. In marketing and advertising and other areas, understanding music preferences based on genre classification is critical for targeted campaigns based on music taste.

    Wu, H. and Zhu, L. (2024) 'Adaptive classification method of electronic music based on improved decision tree', Int. J. Arts and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.1–12.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJART.2024.137296

  • A study in the International Journal of Arts and Technology has looked at the relationship between traditional Javanese music and the introduction of technology and western instrumentation into this genre. The work undertaken by Aris Setiawan of the Faculty of Performing Arts at the Indonesia Institute of the Arts in Surakarta, Indonesia, focuses on the integration of advancements in music technology within the context of gamelan music. The research offers insights into the opportunities and challenges offered by this novel fusion in the context of tradition and preservation and innovation in Javanese musical heritage.

    Setiawan explains that central to his study is the emergence of campursari, this is the emerging musical genre that blends traditional Javanese gamelan instruments with Western counterparts. The emergence of campursari has been embraced by many music fans and labelled garbage by those worried about a loss of cultural authenticity and the preservation of traditional music practices in Indonesia. Raging debates of a similar sort have been experienced in other parts of the world where modern instruments and playing have clashed with the classical. Purists commonly eschew the fusion, but others embrace it and find the styles and sounds that emerge to be engaging, challenging, and above all else, enjoyable.

    Campursari's incorporation of Western instruments has raised questions about tonal clashes and the impact on the authenticity of gamelan music. However, beyond aesthetic considerations, Setiawan's work explores the broader implications of technology's role in cultural preservation. He has used a phenomenological approach to investigate the individual and group response to the integration of technology into gamelan music development. A particular focus was on the modern multi-pad percussion technology and how it sits with traditional gamelan instruments, such as the kendang.

    Setiawan suggests that technology, particularly the multi-pad percussion device, can complement traditional instruments like the kendang, known for its complexity. The fusion might allow many more people to enjoy creating music without extensive training. Such a notion does indeed move away from the classical or traditional ethos, but it will not detract from the approach of those who wish to continue in the classical tradition. Just as Mozart and Motorhead can sit alongside each other on an esoteric playlist, so too might the multi-pad and the kendang sit together rhythmically in this new musical form.

    However, despite the new aesthetic, there remain concerns among some critics and scholars that there could be an erosion of tradition and a loss of cultural practices associated with traditional music performance. A balanced approach to allow the integration of technology into traditional music education is needed. Ultimately, the goal will be to preserve the rich tradition of gamelan music while allowing musical innovators to bang their own drum and perhaps blow their own trumpet when they do so.

    Setiawan, A. (2024) 'Gamelan, technology, and controversy', Int. J. Arts and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.38–60.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJART.2024.137304

  • In retail, fragrance cues are nothing to be sniffed at. Indeed, the scent of vanilla, baking bread, even fresh linen, can affect customer behaviour, according to a study in the International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management.

    In the competitive realm of retail, understanding consumer decision-making is very important. A study by Shuvam Chatterjee and Pawel Bryla of the University of Lodz in Poland has looked at so-called olfactory marketing – the strategic use of scents in the retail environments – to see how much influence they might have on the shopping experience and how much customers spend in those shops. The team focused on a Kolkata shopping mall for their case study.

    In many ways, our sense of smell is often perceived as a lesser sense when compared with sight and hearing. However, our sense of smell is very deep-rooted in our evolution and connects to what we might think of as primitive responses and behaviour. Recent research suggests it significantly affects our emotions and memories, and, in the shopping context, putatively on purchase behaviour. Fragrance cues, such as the smell of fresh bread in a retail setting, can evoke a strong emotional response, influencing product recognition, recall, and purchase intent.

    Fresh linen and cotton blossom scents are often used to evoke feelings of cleanliness, relaxation, and comfort, Citrus is considered invigorating and refreshing. Vanilla is warm and sweet and evokes feelings of nostalgia and relaxation. Lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile are known for being reminiscent of calming and soothing feelings. Sandalwood, on the other hand, has a rich, woody aroma that is perceived as quite exotic and often used in luxury boutiques and high-end hotels. Oceanic scents are reminiscent of sea air and commonly used in spas and wellness centres.

    The IJICBM work shows a direct correlation between the presence of fragrance cues in the shopping mall and customer behaviour. If fragrance is coupled with other environmental factors such as music, the layout of the shop, and the ambient temperature, there can be a strong effect on how long a customer browses in a given shop and ultimately how much money they spend. In addition, the team determined that while age influenced purchasing decisions in this context, gender did not seem to affect how much time or money was spent.

    Shop managers and marketers could benefit from working on olfactory marketing. By enhancing the shopping experience in this way, the researchers say that it is possible to boost the emotional connection with the brands on sale and perhaps even improve long-term customer loyalty. Of course, fragrance selection should be done with care as there may well be odours that could negatively affect the perception and behaviour of some customers and counter the benefits achieved with other shoppers who have responded positively.

    Chatterjee, S. and Bryla, P. (2024) 'Olfactory marketing as a technological innovation tool for the Indian retail industry – a study of Shoppers Stop retail store in Kolkata, India', Int. J. Indian Culture and Business Management, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp.261–273.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJICBM.2024.137276

  • European industries could soon benefit from a novel approach that introduces hybrid-autonomous assembly and disassembly systems to tackle the many pressing environmental concerns and enhance production flexibility. That is the suggestion of research published in the International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems. The new approach looks to integrate autonomous robotics systems with manual assembly stations, which could lead to improved adaptability and efficiency in a wide range of manufacturing processes.

    Uwe Frieß, Lena Oberfichtner, Arvid Hellmich, Rayk Fritzsche, and Steffen Ihlenfeldt of the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, Germany, point out that mounting environmental, social and political pressures are driving change across industry. The need to achieve carbon neutrality and have a less detrimental impact on the environment are both high on the agenda. There is also a pressing need to reduce the risks associated with reliance on single suppliers especially where resources that are not widely available or are difficult to obtain are required. Overall, the traditional landscape of industrial assembly is changing.

    The concept of hybrid-autonomous systems enables batch-individual task allocation and dynamic planning. In other words, workers use their knowledge and skills in concert with computers and robotic systems to determine which tasks need to be undertaken at what stage of a process and whether by people or robots doing the jobs. If there is a sudden change in requirements, the system can adjust quickly to keep the processes running smoothly. This, the research suggests, could address many of the challenges posed by fluctuating demand and diverse product specifications.

    It is the adaptability of these systems that is their defining feature. By seamlessly blending autonomous robots with conventional manual labour, different industries can gain flexibility and efficiency and not compromise on stringent production requirements.

    Hybrid-autonomous assembly systems might also integrate high-performance camera systems, pattern recognition, and artificial intelligence enabling real-time monitoring and adjustment of assembly processes. This is a marked departure from conventional automation. The promise is not simply economic. By reducing reliance on single suppliers and optimizing resource utilization, hybrid-autonomous systems could improve sustainability in manufacturing.

    Frieß, U., Oberfichtner, L., Hellmich, A., Fritzsche, R. and Ihlenfeldt, S. (2023) 'Autonomous assembly and disassembly by cognition using hybrid assembly cells', Int. J. Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.381–398.
    DOI: 10.1504/IJMMS.2023.137377

News

Associate Prof. Xin Wang appointed as new Editor in Chief of International Journal of Signal and Imaging Systems Engineering

Associate Prof. Xin Wang from Shenyang Jianzhu University in China has been appointed to take over editorship of the International Journal of Signal and Imaging Systems Engineering.

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business indexed by Clarivate's Emerging Sources Citation Index

Inderscience is pleased to announce that the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business has been indexed by Clarivate's Emerging Sources Citation Index.

The journal's Editor in Chief, Prof. Leo Dana, thanks his editorial board and IJESB's reviewers for the parts they played in reaching this significant milestone, as well as all the authors who've submitted their research to the journal.

International Journal of Sustainable Aviation indexed by Scopus

We are pleased to report that the International Journal of Sustainable Aviation has been indexed by Scopus. Inderscience's Editorial Office congratulates the journal's Editor in Chief, Prof. T. Hikmet Karakoc, along with his Associate Editors and Editorial Board.

Editor's call for papers for the International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management

Prof. Marco Valeri (marco.valeri@unicusano.it), the new Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management (IJCLM), invites articles on topics related to complexity in leadership, governance, management and organisational dynamics. This will help to provide a summary of current research along with predictions of where research is likely to go in the future on the subjects of complexity, nonlinearity, consciousness, intrinsic intelligence, collective intelligence, connectivity, autopoiesis, adaptation, diversity, self-organisation, emergence, dissipation, edge of chaos, butterfly effect and sustainability. Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit articles to IJCLM so that they can share their research on the subject.

List of topics

Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Leadership sensitive to initial input, innovation and creativity
  • Empirical research in frameworks and practices
  • Internationalisation
  • Cultural entrepreneurship
  • Digitalisation and artificial intelligence
  • Tourism management
  • Nonlinear intelligence/thinking, knowledge management, organisational learning
  • Complexity/intelligence mindset, intelligence paradigms
  • Family business and financial performance
  • Complexity adaptive dynamics, complexity/intelligence-centric processes
  • Impact of managerial organisation on communities
  • Developments and changes in managerial ideas
  • Gender impact on organisations
Objectives

IJCLM is an international peer-reviewed journal. It aims to promote a deeper comprehension and to provide dialogue across country borders and cultures on the issues of complexity in leadership, governance and management. In this respect, it aims to serve as a platform where new philosophies, theories, empirical research findings and case studies can be published and shared internationally.

Readership

IJCLM is a vehicle which provides the latest findings, developments and thinking in management, governance and leadership to corporate leaders, company managers, business consultants, education leaders, national policy makers, military leaders, academics and researchers. IJCLM is also a forum through which different stakeholders worldwide can disseminate new thinking, theories, strategies and practices involved in complexity in leadership, governance and management, thus learning from each other's expertise and experience.

Contents

IJCLM publishes original papers in theoretical development and empirical research, case studies, discussion papers, conference reports, book reviews, commentaries and news dealing with the frontiers of complexity in leadership, governance and management. IJCLM welcomes worldwide contributions from academics, researchers, policy makers, corporate leaders, educators and business consultants and practitioners with interest in the topics specified.

Submission process

All articles for this journal must be submitted using the online submissions system available via the Submitting Articles tab at www.inderscience.com/ijcih. Please follow all instructions and author guidelines.

There are no charges for publishing with this journal, unless you require your article to be Open Access. You can find more information on OA here.

Associate Prof. Laura Broccardo appointed as new Editor in Chief of International Journal of Corporate Strategy and Social Responsibility

Associate Prof. Laura Broccardo from Università degli studi di Torino in Italy has been appointed to take over editorship of the International Journal of Corporate Strategy and Social Responsibility.