International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (8 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Topology design and control strategy of bidirectional DC/DC converter for electric vehicles  
  by Kai Zhou, Yue Sun, Chengyu Jia 
  Abstract: A two-stage bidirectional DC/DC converter for electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. The converter has the features of bidirectional power flow and a wide input voltage range, which can realise output voltage stability. The front stage adopts a bidirectional CLLLC resonant converter with good characteristics of soft switching in both forward and reverse directions and adopts open-loop fixed frequency control to realise efficient power transmission. The rear stage adopts an interleaved parallel bidirectional buck/boost converter to reduce the current ripple and increase the transmission power and adopts the duty cycle secondary distribution method to achieve current equalisation and regulate the output voltage based on the voltage and current double closed-loop control. Bidirectional DC/DC converter's principle analysis and parameter calculation are completed, and the correctness and feasibility of the theoretical analysis are verified by simulation results.
  Keywords: electric vehicle; bidirectional DC/DC converter; bidirectional CLLLC resonant converter; interleaved parallel buck/boost converter.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2023.10061736
   
  
• Research on two-stage on-board charging system based on IPOP LLC resonant converter  
  by Kai Zhou, Yanze Wu 
  Abstract: In this paper, a two-stage on-board charging system based on IPOP LLC resonant converter is proposed. The front stage uses a three-phase VSR, which can realize the PFC function and provide a stable DC voltage to the rear stage. The rear stage adopts IPOP LLC resonant converter, low output current ripple, output a wide range of DC voltage, the soft switch over the full load range, and the system efficiency is high. Voltage current double closed-loop control is used for the front stage converter and outputs stable DC voltage. The rear stage converter adopts variable frequency voltage regulation control and phase shift current sharing control, which reduces the volume of the filter capacitor and improves the overall performance and power density of the on-board charging system. A 3.3 kW system simulation model is built to prove the correctness of the theoretical analysis and parameter design method.
  Keywords: electric vehicle; on-board charging system; three-phase VSR; IPOP LLC resonant converter; soft switch.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10061888
   
  
• A detailed computational modelling and analysis of the effect of geometric dimensions for coil assembly to transfer power wirelessly in electric vehicles  
  by Ankur Yadav, Shukla Karmakar, Tushar Kanti Bera 
  Abstract: The PC-based wireless power transfer (WPT) coil design procedure is promising for complex designs and calculating the design parameters for efficient power transfer in EV systems. This work investigates the effect of the three-dimensional geometry of electromagnetic coil assemblies for transmitting and receiving coils with circular bases and compares different geometry parameters. The WPT coil was developed with the conical helix geometry, cylindrical helix, and planar coil with ferrite and aluminium shielding to provide enhanced coupling (k) along the aluminum shielding to reduce the magnetic leakage in the surroundings, assuring minimum loss and better k, self and mutual-inductance (L, M), flux density (B), and field intensity (H) with maximum efficiency. The proposed geometry also provides minimum current density and maximum flux linkage, confirming better WPT. All modelling and simulation work was conducted in the Ansys Maxwell. The circular base conical helix with shielding is promising for WPT-based EV-charging systems.
  Keywords: electric vehicles; wireless power transfer; Ansys Maxwell; coil design; coupling co-efficient; aluminium shielding.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10062220
   
  
• Ant colony assisted extended Kalman filter for estimation of state of charge of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles  
  by Kannan Madhavan Namboothiri, K. Sundareswaran, P.Srinivasa Rao Nayak, Sishaj Pulikottil Simon, Mithun T. 
  Abstract: State of charge (SoC) is an important index of batteries and its knowledge is mandatory for an effective battery management system (BMS). There are several methods adopted for SoC estimation ranging from model-based methods to model-free methods. Among these, the model-based method with an extended Kalman filter (EKF) has gained more attention by its high accuracy. The objective of this work is to optimally tune the error covariances of EKF and then estimate the SoC. A simplified version of ant colony optimisation (ACO) is employed for optimally tuning the error covariances of EKF. The proposed ACO-based approach is lucidly explained and SoC estimation for three different types of dynamic drive cycles of a lithium-ion battery is estimated. The experimental results revealed a reduction in root mean square error (RMSE) from 3.06% with the conventional approach to 1.59% with the proposed method. Further experiments with varying quantities of drive cycle data revealed that the entire drive cycle dataset does not need to be used in its entirety and that in most cases, one-third of the data is sufficient to optimally tune the EKF parameters.
  Keywords: lithium-ion battery; state of charge; battery management system; extended Kalman filter; error covariance; ant colony optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2023.10062257
   
  
• Optimising direct torque control with battery power management for open-end winding induction motor drive in electric vehicles using the light spectrum optimiser algorithm  
  by Ahmad Omar Deab, K. Karthikumar, S. Ramesh 
  Abstract: This paper proposes an efficient light spectrum optimiser (LSO) for enhance the direct torque control (DTC) strategy for open-end winding induction motor drives used in electric vehicles (EVs). The purpose is to reduce torque and current ripples while balancing the system's power flow and increasing efficiency. The LSO algorithm is utilised to control the optimal switching states of the inverter. By integrating battery power management and LSO, the goal is to achieve more efficient energy utilisation and improved motor performance. By that point, the proposed model has been used as a working model in MATLAB/Simulink, and the execution has been computed based on the available techniques. The proposed method shows the efficiency is high, the torque and current ripples and the systems power flow is balanced compared to existing methods, like wild horse optimiser, particle swarm optimisation and heap-based optimiser.
  Keywords: electric vehicle; torque; battery power management; voltage source inverter; induction motor; stator flux; pulse width modulation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10062470
   
  
• A multi-level neutral-point-clamped inverter driven PMSM high-speed electric drive  
  by Rakesh Shriwastava, Sunildatta Kadlag, Jagdish Choudhari, Pratap Sonawane, Nitin Dhote 
  Abstract: This paper deals with multi-level neutral-point-clamped inverter (NPCI) driven PMSM high-speed electric drive. Nowadays for medium and high power applications, multilevel inverter technology is more used in high-speed electric drive applications due to offers quality performance. One of the current methods used for constant speed and torque is field oriented control (FOC) in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This paper described the multilevel inverter-driven PMSM drive with carrier-based space vector modulation (CBSVM) strategy in a MATLAB environment with reduced total harmonic distortion and torque ripple. The Simulation results are based on inverter output and motor parameters such as stator and rotor current, torque and speed of PMSM. The proposed FOC-NPCI-based PMSM drive is found suitable due to better speed and torque response and less torque ripple. The hardware and simulation results match the effectiveness of the drive.
  Keywords: carrier-based space vector modulation; CBSVM; field oriented control; FOC; permanent magnet synchronous motor; PMSM; NPCI; EV.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10063192
   
  
• A hybrid technique for an autonomous vehicle control system to enhance the vehicle robustness: a HBA-RBFNN technique  
  by Ashwin Kavasseri Venkitaraman, Venkata Satya Rahul Kosuru 
  Abstract: This manuscript proposes a hybrid approach for an autonomous vehicle (AV) control system to improve the robustness of vehicle. The proposed hybrid technique is the combination of honey badger algorithm (HBA) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), together known as HBA-RBFNN technique. The major purpose of the proposed method is detecting the real-time signal by detecting the intermittence and abruption amid two autonomous vehicle (AV) systems to enhance safety. The proposed approach is applied to control the speed and acceleration of the system. The distance-gap is controlled by reference acceleration by the controller of proportional integral derivative (PID). The proposed approach carries out the best tuning of the proposed approach and it is control signal is produced using the HBA approach, and the best signal will be predicted by using the RBFNN approach. Then, the performance of the proposed approach is done in MATLAB site and it is compared with existing approaches. The proposed method optimally controls the vehicle and increases the robustness of the system. From the simulation outcome, it concludes that the proposed method gives less settling time and it is better than the existing approaches.
  Keywords: autonomous vehicle; AV; robustness; acceleration; velocity; speed; proportional integral derivative controller; gain parameters.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10063284
   
  
• Hybrid motorcycles: state of the art and research challenges of mechanical issues  
  by Laura María Moreno-Durango, Luis Felipe Quesada-Bedoya, Gilberto Osorio-Gómez, Jorge Córdoba-Morales 
  Abstract: In this article you will find a bibliographic review on the hybridization processes in motorcycles. For this purpose, a search was made in the databases that deal with topics on energy, engineering, sustainable development, applied mechanics, among others; first, the evolution and importance of the motorcycle over time and at present is described; and as this is directly related to pollution and gas generation in the atmosphere, with this it is specified the opportunity to generate a change in this means of transport and what this would represent for the research and for the world, then the different configurations implemented in the vehicles are defined that allow to make changes in order to carry out a hybridization process and to achieve a decrease of these aggravating factors, later the developments and researches carried out in the world on the hybridization processes are analyzed and finally a collection of prototypes found in the bibliographic review is presented.
  Keywords: : hybrid motorcycles; topologies; powertrain; prototypes.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJEHV.2024.10063590