J. of Design Research http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=192&year=2011&vol=9&issue=4 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk J. of Design Research 1748-3050 1569-1551 © 2011 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/jdr_scoverjdr.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=192&year=2011&vol=9&issue=4 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43360 The study appraises the relation between humanising concepts and the spatial quality of low-income multifamily housing design. A sample of award-winning design projects for the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil is analysed from the point of view of concepts inspired by a selection of patterns from among those identified by Christopher Alexander and colleagues in 1977. The proposed concepts represent qualities of the built environment that can recover a sense of urbanity and a sense of dwelling. Part of the design sample still owes a debt to modernist precepts that contribute to the perception of dehumanised environments. Especially through architectural education, it is hoped that the concepts can contribute to reflection on design methodologies and practice regarding the quality of low-income multifamily housing with regard to satisfying varied human needs. Low-income multifamily housing design in Sao Paulo, Brazil: the need for humanising concepts
R.R.M.P. Barros; S.A.M.G. Pina
J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 301 - 320
The study appraises the relation between humanising concepts and the spatial quality of low-income multifamily housing design. A sample of award-winning design projects for the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil is analysed from the point of view of concepts inspired by a selection of patterns from among those identified by Christopher Alexander and colleagues in 1977. The proposed concepts represent qualities of the built environment that can recover a sense of urbanity and a sense of dwelling. Part of the design sample still owes a debt to modernist precepts that contribute to the perception of dehumanised environments. Especially through architectural education, it is hoped that the concepts can contribute to reflection on design methodologies and practice regarding the quality of low-income multifamily housing with regard to satisfying varied human needs.

]]> 10.1504/JDR.2011.043360 J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 301 - 320 R.R.M.P. Barros; S.A.M.G. Pina Department of Architecture and Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, State University of Campinas UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Campinas-SP, Brazil. ' Department of Architecture and Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, State University of Campinas UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Campinas-SP, Brazil humanising concepts low-income housing multifamily housing patterns Christopher Alexander Sao Paulo Brazil housing design spatial quality built environment human needs. 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 9 4 301 320 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43361 This paper is an attempt to document an experimental approach to studio design project at level 3 of architecture education. Experiential learning, especially at lower levels, helps in analysing, synthesising, and evaluating the design scientifically and logically. The studio project is of 'multiple dwelling' and the thrust is on the climatic sensitivity. Sun and wind studies have been carried out at unit, cluster and layout levels. This studio exercise aimed at generating a stimulus amongst pupils for the climatic issues and integration of climatology as a subject into the design studio. Sundial and the wind stimulator have been the tools used for arriving at design decisions. Climate responsive approach to architecture design
Alpana R. Dongre
J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 321 - 338
This paper is an attempt to document an experimental approach to studio design project at level 3 of architecture education. Experiential learning, especially at lower levels, helps in analysing, synthesising, and evaluating the design scientifically and logically. The studio project is of 'multiple dwelling' and the thrust is on the climatic sensitivity. Sun and wind studies have been carried out at unit, cluster and layout levels. This studio exercise aimed at generating a stimulus amongst pupils for the climatic issues and integration of climatology as a subject into the design studio. Sundial and the wind stimulator have been the tools used for arriving at design decisions.

]]> 10.1504/JDR.2011.043361 J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 321 - 338 Alpana R. Dongre Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 011, India experiential learning sundials wind stimulator laminar flow turbulence climate responsive design studio research architecture education climatology design process. 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 9 4 321 338 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43362 We observe that exercises involving abstract representation of 2-D and 3-D shapes are considered by architectural educators to be an important part of early design education. Although the results have been mixed, at best, this conviction persists. The Architectural Scholastic Aptitude Test (ASAT) administered by Educational Testing Services, in the 1960s is one such well known effort that since has been abandoned. Yet the practice of using abstract design problems focusing on the kind of spatial reasoning included in the ASAT is present in the core repertoire of many introductory design studio problems. As we reported in a paper published in 1999, in architecture programmes all over the USA, freshmen still compose with basic geometric shapes in order to learn general design principles. Upperclassmen explore the virtues of the 3 × 3 × 3 grid space. Design researchers toil over the process of recognising emergent patterns based on primary shapes. Our findings in this paper indicate that the decline in skill to manipulate abstract shapes by upperclassmen is due to lack of practice or rehearsal; and this skill does not appear to be central to the learning of students of architecture. Architecture students' spatial reasoning with 3-D shapes
Ömer Akin; Ömer Erem
J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 339 - 359
We observe that exercises involving abstract representation of 2-D and 3-D shapes are considered by architectural educators to be an important part of early design education. Although the results have been mixed, at best, this conviction persists. The Architectural Scholastic Aptitude Test (ASAT) administered by Educational Testing Services, in the 1960s is one such well known effort that since has been abandoned. Yet the practice of using abstract design problems focusing on the kind of spatial reasoning included in the ASAT is present in the core repertoire of many introductory design studio problems. As we reported in a paper published in 1999, in architecture programmes all over the USA, freshmen still compose with basic geometric shapes in order to learn general design principles. Upperclassmen explore the virtues of the 3 × 3 × 3 grid space. Design researchers toil over the process of recognising emergent patterns based on primary shapes. Our findings in this paper indicate that the decline in skill to manipulate abstract shapes by upperclassmen is due to lack of practice or rehearsal; and this skill does not appear to be central to the learning of students of architecture.

]]> 10.1504/JDR.2011.043362 J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 339 - 359 Ömer Akin; Ömer Erem School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, 201 College of Fine Arts, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. ' Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Taskisla, 34437, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey spatial reasoning aptitude tests abstract representation strategic reasoning spatial manipulation errors cube arrangements skill retardation domain independent skills memory rehearsal architecture education 3D shapes. 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 9 4 339 359 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43363 Contrasting adjectives have been a common approach for measuring affective responses to products and to design elements, but this approach has often introduced various sources of inaccuracy. Such inaccuracies yield non-linear scales and their statistical procedures can present shortcomings. A different approach is to use the Rasch model. The application of the Rasch model as a measurement approach for affective responses to design features is novel. Thus, this research aimed to determine whether data from affective responses to some products fit the model. A diverse group of participants assessed the specialness of four pieces of wrapped confectionery. A pool of items from a prior study in the UK division of an international confectionery company was used and the responses were analysed using the model. The outcomes indicated that the application of the Rasch model might overcome some of the limitations of using contrasting adjective pairs to elicit consumers' affective responses. Measuring affective responses for human-oriented product design using the Rasch model
Fabio R. Camargo; Brian Henson
J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 360 - 375
Contrasting adjectives have been a common approach for measuring affective responses to products and to design elements, but this approach has often introduced various sources of inaccuracy. Such inaccuracies yield non-linear scales and their statistical procedures can present shortcomings. A different approach is to use the Rasch model. The application of the Rasch model as a measurement approach for affective responses to design features is novel. Thus, this research aimed to determine whether data from affective responses to some products fit the model. A diverse group of participants assessed the specialness of four pieces of wrapped confectionery. A pool of items from a prior study in the UK division of an international confectionery company was used and the responses were analysed using the model. The outcomes indicated that the application of the Rasch model might overcome some of the limitations of using contrasting adjective pairs to elicit consumers' affective responses.

]]> 10.1504/JDR.2011.043363 J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 360 - 375 Fabio R. Camargo; Brian Henson School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Systems and Design, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK. ' School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Systems and Design, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK product design affective design Rasch model soft measurement kansei engineering human-oriented design emotional design consumer responses design research affective responses design features wrapped confectionery. 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 9 4 360 375 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43364 This paper describes the application of a multi-perspective object-oriented abstraction in the design of a technical system to address the issues of bounded rationality and to simulate human cognitive coupling. Three major assumptions have been taken in the development of the framework: object representation, classification of objects based on their properties, and bounded rationality. Four rules pertaining to the multi-perspective design method are derived to establish the framework by adopting the function modelling approach. The framework supports the cognitive coupling and uncoupling of multiple perspectives to help designers understand system interactions without suffering cognitive overload. The framework provides guidance for the development of computer tools to support human designers. Object-oriented multi-perspective framework of technical system design
Yadav P. Khanal; Ralph O. Buchal
J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 376 - 389
This paper describes the application of a multi-perspective object-oriented abstraction in the design of a technical system to address the issues of bounded rationality and to simulate human cognitive coupling. Three major assumptions have been taken in the development of the framework: object representation, classification of objects based on their properties, and bounded rationality. Four rules pertaining to the multi-perspective design method are derived to establish the framework by adopting the function modelling approach. The framework supports the cognitive coupling and uncoupling of multiple perspectives to help designers understand system interactions without suffering cognitive overload. The framework provides guidance for the development of computer tools to support human designers.

]]> 10.1504/JDR.2011.043364 J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 376 - 389 Yadav P. Khanal; Ralph O. Buchal Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada ' Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada object-oriented abstraction multi-perspective abstraction bounded rationality design method function modelling cognitive coupling technical system design object representation object classification. 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 9 4 376 389 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43368 This paper reviews the application of a new concept design method in a number of industrial settings. The ICR grid is intended to better integrate information into the concept design process. In addition to sketching and sharing concepts in a manner similar to the 6-3-5 method, participants undertake information search tasks, use specific information items for concept development, and reflect on the merit of concepts as the session progresses. Three different companies were invited to utilise the method to address current design issues. Grid output, observation and semi-structured interviews were used to assess the performance of the method, with marked differences in use across organisations highlighting future potential applications and development. Information and ideas: concept design in three industrial contexts
Andrew Wodehouse; William Ion
J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 390 - 404
This paper reviews the application of a new concept design method in a number of industrial settings. The ICR grid is intended to better integrate information into the concept design process. In addition to sketching and sharing concepts in a manner similar to the 6-3-5 method, participants undertake information search tasks, use specific information items for concept development, and reflect on the merit of concepts as the session progresses. Three different companies were invited to utilise the method to address current design issues. Grid output, observation and semi-structured interviews were used to assess the performance of the method, with marked differences in use across organisations highlighting future potential applications and development.

]]> 10.1504/JDR.2011.043368 J. of Design Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2011) pp. 390 - 404 Andrew Wodehouse; William Ion Department of Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management (DMEM), University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK. ' Department of Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management (DMEM), University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK collaborative design digital information conceptual design design process information search. 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00 9 4 390 404 2011-10-26T23:20:50-05:00