International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=51&year=2011&vol=2&issue=3/4 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems 1471-0242 1741-8208 © 2011 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijvics_scoverijvics.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=51&year=2011&vol=2&issue=3/4 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44260 The upcoming IEEE 802.11p/Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) standard is intended to provide wireless access to vehicles on the roads. According to it, safety/control messages are delivered on a given frequency during a common control channel (CCH) interval. The rest of the time, vehicles switch over one of available service channels (SCH) for non-safety-related data exchange. Despite the massive research effort onto reliable and timely dissemination solutions for safety-related data, few works have investigated non-safety data delivery when considering the WAVE features and capabilities. In this work, a simple and easy-to-deploy channel reservation scheme based on cooperation among vehicles has been designed, which fully leverages the 802.11p/WAVE multichannel capability. Simulation results show that the proposed solution, by adding just few modifications and little-to-none signalling overhead compared to the standard, is successful in improving the performance delivery of non-safety services under several network topologies and different traffic loads. Cooperative multichannel management in IEEE 802.11p/WAVE vehicular ad hoc networks
Claudia Campolo; Antonella Molinaro
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 147 - 176
The upcoming IEEE 802.11p/Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) standard is intended to provide wireless access to vehicles on the roads. According to it, safety/control messages are delivered on a given frequency during a common control channel (CCH) interval. The rest of the time, vehicles switch over one of available service channels (SCH) for non-safety-related data exchange. Despite the massive research effort onto reliable and timely dissemination solutions for safety-related data, few works have investigated non-safety data delivery when considering the WAVE features and capabilities. In this work, a simple and easy-to-deploy channel reservation scheme based on cooperation among vehicles has been designed, which fully leverages the 802.11p/WAVE multichannel capability. Simulation results show that the proposed solution, by adding just few modifications and little-to-none signalling overhead compared to the standard, is successful in improving the performance delivery of non-safety services under several network topologies and different traffic loads.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044260 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 147 - 176 Claudia Campolo; Antonella Molinaro ARTS Laboratory Department DIMET, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89060, Italy. ' ARTS Laboratory Department DIMET, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89060, Italy vehicular networks vehicular ad hoc networks VANETs WAVE Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment multichannels control channel service channel multichannel management IEEE 802.11p standards channel reservation vehicle cooperation non-safety services network topologies traffic loads. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 147 176 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44261 A number of timer-based intelligent flooding schemes have been recently proposed to optimise message dissemination in Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks. Unfortunately, most of them are not able to completely avoid useless copies of the message to be broadcast. Moreover, some schemes determine when the message has to be rebroadcast, thus thwarting the application in processing it. The use of a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer control packet handshake allows mitigating the issues above, but it could lead to an unacceptable overhead and to a high probability of dissemination interruption. The proposed Data-Ack Scheme (DAS) allows to reduce the overhead by exploiting only one control packet and makes the dissemination interruption most unlikely. By simulation, DAS performance has been compared with that obtained when either a MAC layer handshake-based scheme or a scheme which does not provide the use of control packets is adopted. Simulation results have shown that DAS performs better in those scenarios in which the Message Delivery Ratio values are not critical. A timer-based intelligent flooding scheme for VANETs
Giovanni Ciccarese; Mario De Blasi; Pierluigi Marra; Cosimo Palazzo
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 177 - 192
A number of timer-based intelligent flooding schemes have been recently proposed to optimise message dissemination in Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks. Unfortunately, most of them are not able to completely avoid useless copies of the message to be broadcast. Moreover, some schemes determine when the message has to be rebroadcast, thus thwarting the application in processing it. The use of a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer control packet handshake allows mitigating the issues above, but it could lead to an unacceptable overhead and to a high probability of dissemination interruption. The proposed Data-Ack Scheme (DAS) allows to reduce the overhead by exploiting only one control packet and makes the dissemination interruption most unlikely. By simulation, DAS performance has been compared with that obtained when either a MAC layer handshake-based scheme or a scheme which does not provide the use of control packets is adopted. Simulation results have shown that DAS performs better in those scenarios in which the Message Delivery Ratio values are not critical.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044261 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 177 - 192 Giovanni Ciccarese; Mario De Blasi; Pierluigi Marra; Cosimo Palazzo Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy. ' Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy. ' Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy. ' Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy VANETs vehicular ad hoc networks road safety broadcasting intelligent flooding contention-based forwarding MAC medium access control simulation wireless communications. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 177 192 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44262 With the development of autonomous driving systems and vehicular networks, vehicles will gain the possibility of taking driving decisions and coordinating them with each other. A suitable communication primitive for this type of application is geocast. Unfortunately, current geocast techniques do not address the reliability problems that arise in what is a safety-critical application domain. Communication failures are difficult to detect, not only due to an unreliable communication channel, but also particularly due to the changing presence of vehicles in the target area. Dealing with these challenges requires an integrated approach, exploiting communication, sensing and driving rules. In this paper, we present the API of a safety-critical geocast service that allows the sender of a message to reliably confirm reception through feedback and spatial membership. We specify the service based on the requirements of the application domain and the limitations of the environment. Design of a safety-critical geocast API for vehicular coordination
Marco Slot; Mélanie Bouroche; Vinny Cahill
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 193 - 212
With the development of autonomous driving systems and vehicular networks, vehicles will gain the possibility of taking driving decisions and coordinating them with each other. A suitable communication primitive for this type of application is geocast. Unfortunately, current geocast techniques do not address the reliability problems that arise in what is a safety-critical application domain. Communication failures are difficult to detect, not only due to an unreliable communication channel, but also particularly due to the changing presence of vehicles in the target area. Dealing with these challenges requires an integrated approach, exploiting communication, sensing and driving rules. In this paper, we present the API of a safety-critical geocast service that allows the sender of a message to reliably confirm reception through feedback and spatial membership. We specify the service based on the requirements of the application domain and the limitations of the environment.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044262 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 193 - 212 Marco Slot; Mélanie Bouroche; Vinny Cahill Distributed Systems Group, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. ' Distributed Systems Group, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. ' Distributed Systems Group, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland vehicular networks safety-critical geocast membership service autonomous driving vehicle coordination application programming interface API feedback spatial membership communications. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 193 212 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44263 In this paper, a hybrid communication paradigm for vehicular networking is presented in which connectivity is provided by both existing network infrastructure (e.g. wireless network access points) through a vehicle-to-infrastructure protocol and traditional vehicle-to-vehicle networking. Pre-existing infrastructure can provide seamless connectivity, especially when vehicles are sparse or travelling in disconnected neighbourhoods, while vehicular communications are available for dense traffic scenarios. In this vision, we depict a novel heterogeneous vehicular network scenario, in which overlapping wireless networks partially cover the vehicular grid. Vehicle-to-X (V2X) is based on a protocol switching decision, which is achieved in a distributed fashion by each vehicle based on a cost function using path alternatives. An analytical model for protocol switching in V2X is described. Moreover, we analyse how messages are forwarded by vehicles communicating via V2X. We characterise the maximum and minimum bounds of information propagation and compare performance with traditional message propagation based on opportunistic networking. Hybrid vehicular communications based on V2V-V2I protocol switching
Anna Maria Vegni; Thomas D.C. Little
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 213 - 231
In this paper, a hybrid communication paradigm for vehicular networking is presented in which connectivity is provided by both existing network infrastructure (e.g. wireless network access points) through a vehicle-to-infrastructure protocol and traditional vehicle-to-vehicle networking. Pre-existing infrastructure can provide seamless connectivity, especially when vehicles are sparse or travelling in disconnected neighbourhoods, while vehicular communications are available for dense traffic scenarios. In this vision, we depict a novel heterogeneous vehicular network scenario, in which overlapping wireless networks partially cover the vehicular grid. Vehicle-to-X (V2X) is based on a protocol switching decision, which is achieved in a distributed fashion by each vehicle based on a cost function using path alternatives. An analytical model for protocol switching in V2X is described. Moreover, we analyse how messages are forwarded by vehicles communicating via V2X. We characterise the maximum and minimum bounds of information propagation and compare performance with traditional message propagation based on opportunistic networking.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044263 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 213 - 231 Anna Maria Vegni; Thomas D.C. Little Department of Applied Electronics, University of ‘Roma TRE’, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy. ' Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston 02215, MA, USA vehicular ad hoc networks VANETs heterogeneous wireless networks V2V vehicle-to-vehicle V2I vehicle-to-infrastructure radio resource utilisation time hybrid communications vehicular networks. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 213 231 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44264 The recent research efforts are focusing on exploring the 802.11 wireless LAN- (WLAN-) based roadside-to-vehicle (R2V) communications. The main concept of the 802.11-based vehicular communications involves encountering the already deployed WLAN access points from the vehicles and using the same for communication purposes. Different works in literature have evaluated the performance of such a challenging scenario from different perspectives, however, very little has been done in modelling this unique kind of communication. In this paper, we show that the previously used models are not applicable in 802.11-based R2V scenario and give a hidden Markov model representation of the same. We evaluate the model parameters based on the data collected from the drive tests. This is a relatively new research direction that has not been rigorously explored before. Modelling R2V communications: description, analysis and challenges
Syed Faraz Hasan; Nazmul H. Siddique
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 232 - 247
The recent research efforts are focusing on exploring the 802.11 wireless LAN- (WLAN-) based roadside-to-vehicle (R2V) communications. The main concept of the 802.11-based vehicular communications involves encountering the already deployed WLAN access points from the vehicles and using the same for communication purposes. Different works in literature have evaluated the performance of such a challenging scenario from different perspectives, however, very little has been done in modelling this unique kind of communication. In this paper, we show that the previously used models are not applicable in 802.11-based R2V scenario and give a hidden Markov model representation of the same. We evaluate the model parameters based on the data collected from the drive tests. This is a relatively new research direction that has not been rigorously explored before.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044264 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 232 - 247 Syed Faraz Hasan; Nazmul H. Siddique Intelligent Systems Research Center, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Northland Road, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK. ' Intelligent Systems Research Center, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Northland Road, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK Baum Welch algorithm HMM hidden Markov models R2V communications roadside-to-vehicle communications WLAN wireless LANs modelling. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 232 247 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44265 Modern vehicles are equipped with hundreds of embedded networked components with computational, sensory and actuation powers. Reliable functioning and interaction of these components are vital for the safety of the vehicle and its passengers. We present an architecture that deals with the intra-vehicular network at both component and system levels. At the component level, our technique formally verifies compatibility of each component with the rest of the system. At the system level, we provide means to define overall behaviour by using first-order logic rules in an ontological space. Overall, we eliminate the hazards associated with integrating heterogeneous components in a car network domain and enable a knowledgeable user to define network behaviour easily. Intra-vehicular verification and control: a two-pronged approach
Atif Alvi; Zubair Nabi; David J. Greaves; Rashid Mehmood
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 248 - 268
Modern vehicles are equipped with hundreds of embedded networked components with computational, sensory and actuation powers. Reliable functioning and interaction of these components are vital for the safety of the vehicle and its passengers. We present an architecture that deals with the intra-vehicular network at both component and system levels. At the component level, our technique formally verifies compatibility of each component with the rest of the system. At the system level, we provide means to define overall behaviour by using first-order logic rules in an ontological space. Overall, we eliminate the hazards associated with integrating heterogeneous components in a car network domain and enable a knowledgeable user to define network behaviour easily.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044265 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 248 - 268 Atif Alvi; Zubair Nabi; David J. Greaves; Rashid Mehmood Department of Computer Science, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan. ' Department of Computer Science, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan. ' Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK. ' School of Engineering, University of Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK vehicular networks pervasive computing real-time systems ontology rule-based control verification feature interaction vehicle safety component integration. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 248 268 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44266 Reliability and high quality of service for TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) systems are ensured with number of modulation schemes mapped against application requirements. Phase modulation schemes have been extensively used in mobile systems. TETRA-I supports ?/4-differential quaternary phase-shift keying, whereas TETRA-enhanced data services support ?/8-D8PSK along with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes to achieve higher data rate. In this paper, performance of phase modulation schemes along with sub-carrier-based QAM-4 over TETRA propagation models is presented. Comparison of performance and complexity of single-carrier and multi-carrier system designs are discussed. Comparison of both designs and modulation schemes over TU-50 and HT-200 channels help to understand the performance of TETRA-II. Implementation efficiency is analysed in terms of message error rate against E<SUB align=“right”>s/N<SUB align=“right”>o over Signalling CHannel, Full size channel for downlink bursts in the 400-MHz TETRA frequency bands. Complexity and performance analysis of modulation schemes for TEDS
Rafi us Shan; Bahram Honary; Hassan Ahmed; David Lund; Michael Darnell
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 269 - 285
Reliability and high quality of service for TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) systems are ensured with number of modulation schemes mapped against application requirements. Phase modulation schemes have been extensively used in mobile systems. TETRA-I supports ?/4-differential quaternary phase-shift keying, whereas TETRA-enhanced data services support ?/8-D8PSK along with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes to achieve higher data rate. In this paper, performance of phase modulation schemes along with sub-carrier-based QAM-4 over TETRA propagation models is presented. Comparison of performance and complexity of single-carrier and multi-carrier system designs are discussed. Comparison of both designs and modulation schemes over TU-50 and HT-200 channels help to understand the performance of TETRA-II. Implementation efficiency is analysed in terms of message error rate against E<SUB align=“right”>s/N<SUB align=“right”>o over Signalling CHannel, Full size channel for downlink bursts in the 400-MHz TETRA frequency bands.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044266 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 269 - 285 Rafi us Shan; Bahram Honary; Hassan Ahmed; David Lund; Michael Darnell School of Computing and Communications, Infolab21, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4WA, UK. ' School of Computing and Communications, Infolab21, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4WA, UK. ' School of Computing and Communications, Infolab21, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4WA, UK. ' HW Communications Ltd., Parkfield, Greaves Road, Lancaster LA1 4TZ, UK. ' HW Communications Ltd., Parkfield, Greaves Road, Lancaster LA1 4TZ, UK TETRA terrestrial trunked radio TEDS TETRA-enhanced data services ?/4-DQPSK ?/8-PSK QAM-4 physical layer TU-50 TU-5 HT-200 MER message error rate NDB normal downlink burst TDMA time division multiple access reliability quality of service QoS phase modulation mobile communications. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 269 285 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44267 The implementation of safety-of-life services in transportation systems, e.g. for applications like collision avoidance of vehicles, requires reliable and instantaneous information exchange. In this paper, we present the design of an infrastructure-less ad-hoc inter-vehicle communication system that fulfils these requirements with respect to the boundary conditions in the railway environment, where a limited communication range and relatively high speeds of nodes cause the network to be highly dynamic. Moreover, in areas with high user densities the common media access is a challenge due to limited bandwidth and interference from other wireless systems. A multi-broadcast communication system for high dynamic vehicular ad-hoc networks
Andreas Lehner; Cristina Rico-García; Thomas Strang
International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 286 - 302
The implementation of safety-of-life services in transportation systems, e.g. for applications like collision avoidance of vehicles, requires reliable and instantaneous information exchange. In this paper, we present the design of an infrastructure-less ad-hoc inter-vehicle communication system that fulfils these requirements with respect to the boundary conditions in the railway environment, where a limited communication range and relatively high speeds of nodes cause the network to be highly dynamic. Moreover, in areas with high user densities the common media access is a challenge due to limited bandwidth and interference from other wireless systems.

]]> 10.1504/IJVICS.2011.044267 International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 286 - 302 Andreas Lehner; Cristina Rico-García; Thomas Strang Institute for Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling 82234, Germany. ' Institute for Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling 82234, Germany. ' Institute for Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling 82234, Germany broadcast MAC media access control RCAS railway collisions collision avoidance systems VANETs vehicular ad hoc networks MANETs mobile ad hoc networks MAMNET mobile ad hoc multi-broadcast networks railways transport safety vehicular networks vehicle communications vehicle safety. 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 286 302 2011-12-14T23:20:50-05:00