International Journal of Vehicle Design http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=31&year=2011&vol=57&issue=2/3 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Vehicle Design 0143-3369 1741-5314 © 2011 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijvd_scoverijvd.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=31&year=2011&vol=57&issue=2/3 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44717 This study develops a new scheme for vehicle ride-comfort analysis based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Experiments were carried out using a test course with simultaneous recording of subjects' brainwaves. Subjects' answers to a sensory questionnaire were also analysed. The correlation between the brainwaves and sensory evaluation proved the feasibility of the application of EEG analysis to ride-comfort evaluation. Furthermore, the suspension parameters of the vehicle were modified based on the statistics obtained from the EEG analysis. Finally, by setting up a test model and designing an experiment on a real test course, the goal to improve the ride comfort was achieved. A new approach to improve the vehicle ride comfort by electroencephalogram data
Yu-Kuan Chang; Jiun-Ren Hwang
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 106 - 123
This study develops a new scheme for vehicle ride-comfort analysis based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Experiments were carried out using a test course with simultaneous recording of subjects' brainwaves. Subjects' answers to a sensory questionnaire were also analysed. The correlation between the brainwaves and sensory evaluation proved the feasibility of the application of EEG analysis to ride-comfort evaluation. Furthermore, the suspension parameters of the vehicle were modified based on the statistics obtained from the EEG analysis. Finally, by setting up a test model and designing an experiment on a real test course, the goal to improve the ride comfort was achieved.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044717 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 106 - 123 Yu-Kuan Chang; Jiun-Ren Hwang Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan. ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan ride comfort EEG electroencephalograms brainwaves sensory evaluation vehicle design vehicle suspension suspension parameters. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 106 123 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44718 Lightweight design of vehicle front-end structure was performed under crashworthiness and vibration performance, in which surrogate models were employed for function approximation. An optimisation methodology based on multiple surrogates was proposed to select the most accurate one from a set of surrogates during the iterative optimisation process. It shows that different surrogates elicit different crashworthiness responses, and the most accurate one would change among iterations, which means the traditional way of selecting the best surrogate from an initial subset and discarding the rest is inappropriate. The proposed methodology would also be a promising strategy for surrogate-based optimisation in engineering application. Lightweight design of vehicle front-end structure: contributions of multiple surrogates
Feng Pan; Ping Zhu
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 124 - 147
Lightweight design of vehicle front-end structure was performed under crashworthiness and vibration performance, in which surrogate models were employed for function approximation. An optimisation methodology based on multiple surrogates was proposed to select the most accurate one from a set of surrogates during the iterative optimisation process. It shows that different surrogates elicit different crashworthiness responses, and the most accurate one would change among iterations, which means the traditional way of selecting the best surrogate from an initial subset and discarding the rest is inappropriate. The proposed methodology would also be a promising strategy for surrogate-based optimisation in engineering application.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044718 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 124 - 147 Feng Pan; Ping Zhu State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China. ' State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China vehicle design lightweight design crashworthiness multiple surrogates iterative optimisation Sobol front end structure vehicle front end crashworthiness vehicle vibration surrogate models modelling. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 124 147 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44716 When designing for human variability in the interior cab design for a vehicle, it becomes difficult to predict an optimum driver seat adjustment range. This paper proposes an optimisation-based approach to determine the seat adjustment range without the need for population sampling and stochastic posture prediction. This paper uses boundary anthropometric digital human models, a 95% male and a 5% female, to establish the driver seat adjustment range for vehicles. The simulation predicts the optimum posture of the seated driver inside the vehicle, and also gives an indication of how comfortable the driver is while seated in the predicted posture. Optimisation-based approach for determining driver seat adjustment range for vehicles
Jared Gragg; Jingzhou Yang; James David Long
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 148 - 161
When designing for human variability in the interior cab design for a vehicle, it becomes difficult to predict an optimum driver seat adjustment range. This paper proposes an optimisation-based approach to determine the seat adjustment range without the need for population sampling and stochastic posture prediction. This paper uses boundary anthropometric digital human models, a 95% male and a 5% female, to establish the driver seat adjustment range for vehicles. The simulation predicts the optimum posture of the seated driver inside the vehicle, and also gives an indication of how comfortable the driver is while seated in the predicted posture.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044716 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 148 - 161 Jared Gragg; Jingzhou Yang; James David Long Human-Centric Design Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA. ' Human-Centric Design Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA. ' Human-Centric Design Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA posture prediction multi-objective optimisation seat adjustment range digital human modelling driver seats vehicle design human variability interior cab design anthropometric models simulation driver comfort ride comfort. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 148 161 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44719 The ride comfort qualities of different Sport-Utility Vehicles (SUVs) were determined using road load simulation in the laboratory via road and bench tests. The point vibration total value and Overall Vibration Total Value (OVTV) based on the ISO 2631 standard and the Seat-Effective Amplitude Transmissibility (SEAT) value were evaluated. The linear correction factor was derived as OVTV<SUB align="right">corrected bench = 0.9335 × OVTV<SUB align="right">bench, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9908. Furthermore, the mean error of the OVTV for the road and bench tests ranged from 9.75% (original) to 0.2% (after correction). Finally, the procedures for ride comfort evaluation using a laboratory test system (four-poster) are described. Development of a ride comfort evaluation method with a laboratory testing system
Ken-Yuan Lin; Jiun-Ren Hwang; Jung-Ming Chang; Ji-Liang Doong
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 162 - 177
The ride comfort qualities of different Sport-Utility Vehicles (SUVs) were determined using road load simulation in the laboratory via road and bench tests. The point vibration total value and Overall Vibration Total Value (OVTV) based on the ISO 2631 standard and the Seat-Effective Amplitude Transmissibility (SEAT) value were evaluated. The linear correction factor was derived as OVTV<SUB align="right">corrected bench = 0.9335 × OVTV<SUB align="right">bench, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9908. Furthermore, the mean error of the OVTV for the road and bench tests ranged from 9.75% (original) to 0.2% (after correction). Finally, the procedures for ride comfort evaluation using a laboratory test system (four-poster) are described.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044719 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 162 - 177 Ken-Yuan Lin; Jiun-Ren Hwang; Jung-Ming Chang; Ji-Liang Doong Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan; Department of Component Quality, Automotive Research and Testing Center, No. 6, Lugong S., 7th Rd., Lugang, Changhua County 50544, Taiwan. ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan. ' Department of Component Quality, Automotive Research and Testing Center, No. 6, Lugong S. 7th Rd., Lugang, Changhua County 50544, Taiwan. ' Department of Industrial Design, Tatung University, No. 40, Sec. 3, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei City 104, Taiwan ride comfort road load simulation four-poster test sport utility vehicles SUVs vehicle vibration seat effective amplitude transmissibility vehicle design. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 162 177 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44720 In order to improve the performance of the front autobody, multiple optimisation methods are adopted in different stages. Firstly, topology optimisation is made under the combination of multiple load cases. Secondly, size optimisation is done for the original design under multiple load cases. After these two optimisations, the first optimisation stage is completed. Then, based on the first modification, crashworthiness optimisation is carried out by using Kriging surrogate model, which means the second stage optimisation. The final results derived after two stage modifications indicate that combining multiple optimisation methods and balancing each target are effective to realise multi-disciplinary optimisation. Multi-disciplinary optimisation for front auto body based on multiple optimisation methods
Yunkai Gao; Fang Sun
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 178 - 195
In order to improve the performance of the front autobody, multiple optimisation methods are adopted in different stages. Firstly, topology optimisation is made under the combination of multiple load cases. Secondly, size optimisation is done for the original design under multiple load cases. After these two optimisations, the first optimisation stage is completed. Then, based on the first modification, crashworthiness optimisation is carried out by using Kriging surrogate model, which means the second stage optimisation. The final results derived after two stage modifications indicate that combining multiple optimisation methods and balancing each target are effective to realise multi-disciplinary optimisation.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044720 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 178 - 195 Yunkai Gao; Fang Sun School of Automotive, Tongji University, No. 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China. ' School of Automotive, Tongji University, No. 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China multi-disciplinary optimisation topology optimisation surrogate models vehicle design modelling crashworthiness. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 178 195 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44721 A three-phase optimisation design method is proposed in the paper. It is composed of two steps of topology optimisation and one step of size optimisation, and used for design of a mini electric car Body In White (BIW) at conceptual design stage. The method provides an opportunity to comprehend performances of the body construction under different load conditions in detail. Final result of the optimised BIW achieves 31% weight reduction with improved stiffness, strength and the first-order frequency compared with previous design. Three-phase optimisation design of an electric car body at conceptual design stage
Dafeng Jin; Jin Chen; Weiwei Qiao
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 196 - 211
A three-phase optimisation design method is proposed in the paper. It is composed of two steps of topology optimisation and one step of size optimisation, and used for design of a mini electric car Body In White (BIW) at conceptual design stage. The method provides an opportunity to comprehend performances of the body construction under different load conditions in detail. Final result of the optimised BIW achieves 31% weight reduction with improved stiffness, strength and the first-order frequency compared with previous design.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044721 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 196 - 211 Dafeng Jin; Jin Chen; Weiwei Qiao State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ' State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ' State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China topology optimisation size optimisation lightweight design conceptual design electric cars vehicle design body in white BIW car body construction load conditions weight reduction stiffness strength first-order frequency. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 196 211 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44722 In a short space of time, the car styling supply chain has undergone deep changes. The digitalisation of production and the transformation of supply links have modified the competitive positioning of companies along the supply chain. In the Turin area, the design-product-service relationships have been strengthened and have manifestly acquired the size and complexity of a system. The main objective of this paper is to analyse Turin's companies specialised in car styling, to highlight their peculiar features and operating strategies. The Turin car styling supply chain accounts for the entire Italian sector. Structure and transformation of the Italian car styling supply chain
Giuseppe Calabrese
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 212 - 229
In a short space of time, the car styling supply chain has undergone deep changes. The digitalisation of production and the transformation of supply links have modified the competitive positioning of companies along the supply chain. In the Turin area, the design-product-service relationships have been strengthened and have manifestly acquired the size and complexity of a system. The main objective of this paper is to analyse Turin's companies specialised in car styling, to highlight their peculiar features and operating strategies. The Turin car styling supply chain accounts for the entire Italian sector.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044722 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 212 - 229 Giuseppe Calabrese Cnr-Ceris, Via Real Collegio 30, 10124 Moncalieri, Italy car styling supply chains design-driven innovation theory coachbuilders SWOT analysis supply chain management SCM Italy automotive styling automobile industry vehicle design. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 212 229 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44725 Coordinate metrology is comprehensively used to inspect the auto-body sheet metal surfaces. The traditional sources of inspection uncertainties including length measurement uncertainty, probing uncertainty, sheet metal in-process deflections, and the environmental effects in inspection of auto-body surfaces are already addressed. However, unfortunately the sources of uncertainties inherent in the corresponding computational processes are not properly discussed yet. The significance of two major sources of computational uncertainties i.e. measurement planning and minimum deviation zone evaluation are studied in this paper. It is shown that the computational uncertainties can be at least as significant as the other uncertainty sources in coordinate metrology. Automotive body inspection uncertainty associated with computational processes
Ahmad Barari
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 230 - 241
Coordinate metrology is comprehensively used to inspect the auto-body sheet metal surfaces. The traditional sources of inspection uncertainties including length measurement uncertainty, probing uncertainty, sheet metal in-process deflections, and the environmental effects in inspection of auto-body surfaces are already addressed. However, unfortunately the sources of uncertainties inherent in the corresponding computational processes are not properly discussed yet. The significance of two major sources of computational uncertainties i.e. measurement planning and minimum deviation zone evaluation are studied in this paper. It is shown that the computational uncertainties can be at least as significant as the other uncertainty sources in coordinate metrology.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044725 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 230 - 241 Ahmad Barari Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada automotive body inspection measurement uncertainty coordinate metrology sampling MDZ minimum deviation zone evaluation automobile industry vehicle design sheet metal inspection surface inspection measurement planning. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 230 241 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44723 The Vehicle Concept Design (VCD) system has been implemented to estimate the structural property of car body rapidly in advanced design phase. In the system, the parametric frame model of car body-in-white was built by the method of template. The beam element was adopted to constitute a flexible FEM analysis model. The section database was built to store sections with real shape and the joint element was defined to simulate joints between beams. A multi-objective optimisation algorithm is provided, which would optimise design parameters. Finally, a case is given to show the precision and function of the system. Rapid structural property evaluation system for car body advanced design
Wenbin Hou; Hongzhe Zhang; Wei Zhang; Ping Hu
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 242 - 253
The Vehicle Concept Design (VCD) system has been implemented to estimate the structural property of car body rapidly in advanced design phase. In the system, the parametric frame model of car body-in-white was built by the method of template. The beam element was adopted to constitute a flexible FEM analysis model. The section database was built to store sections with real shape and the joint element was defined to simulate joints between beams. A multi-objective optimisation algorithm is provided, which would optimise design parameters. Finally, a case is given to show the precision and function of the system.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044723 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 242 - 253 Wenbin Hou; Hongzhe Zhang; Wei Zhang; Ping Hu School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. ' School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. ' School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. ' School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China car body design parametric frame models joint simulation multi-objective optimisation vehicle design vehicle concept design body in white BIW FEM finite element method modelling structural properties evaluation. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 242 253 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44724 A Finite Element (FE) model of the Chalmers-Autoliv pedestrian dummy was developed and validated. The dummy model was used to: investigate the difference in the assessment of head injury risks by the dummy model and by an EEVC adult headform model; to develop and optimise a pedestrian airbag system. The study showed that the head impact conditions and the calculated head injury parameters of the dummy model were different from those of the EEVC headform model. A properly designed airbag system can effectively reduce head injury risks in a pedestrian accident. Development and validation of a finite element model of a dummy for design of pedestrian-friendly vehicles
Jianfeng Yao; Jikuang Yang; Rikard Fredriksson
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 254 - 274
A Finite Element (FE) model of the Chalmers-Autoliv pedestrian dummy was developed and validated. The dummy model was used to: investigate the difference in the assessment of head injury risks by the dummy model and by an EEVC adult headform model; to develop and optimise a pedestrian airbag system. The study showed that the head impact conditions and the calculated head injury parameters of the dummy model were different from those of the EEVC headform model. A properly designed airbag system can effectively reduce head injury risks in a pedestrian accident.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044724 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 254 - 274 Jianfeng Yao; Jikuang Yang; Rikard Fredriksson Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden. ' Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden; Research Center of Vehicle and Traffic Safety, SKLVB/Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China. ' Division of Intervention and Implementation Research, Department of Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Autoliv Research, 447 83, Vårgårda, Sweden FEM finite element method modelling pedestrian dummy headform test head protection pedestrian airbags vehicle safety pedestrian safety head injury risks head injuries head impact vehicle accidents pedestrian accidents. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 254 274 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44726 Despite intense research into the flow around a road vehicle, the drag coefficient has plateaued at about 0.3 and further reductions will come from wheel associated areas. The wheel housings have had relatively little attention despite contributing significant disturbances to the airflow. A simple two wheeled body was developed to reproduce wheel effects of a typical passenger car. Benchmarking experiments were performed in a wind tunnel using a double-symmetry testing concept. CFD techniques were used for parametric study. A number of parameters were analysed and the flow structures indicate that wheel-housing shape has a significant influence on the vehicle aerodynamics. The influence of wheel-housing shape on vehicle aerodynamic performance
Satya P. Mavuri; Simon Watkins
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 275 - 291
Despite intense research into the flow around a road vehicle, the drag coefficient has plateaued at about 0.3 and further reductions will come from wheel associated areas. The wheel housings have had relatively little attention despite contributing significant disturbances to the airflow. A simple two wheeled body was developed to reproduce wheel effects of a typical passenger car. Benchmarking experiments were performed in a wind tunnel using a double-symmetry testing concept. CFD techniques were used for parametric study. A number of parameters were analysed and the flow structures indicate that wheel-housing shape has a significant influence on the vehicle aerodynamics.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044726 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 275 - 291 Satya P. Mavuri; Simon Watkins SAMME, RMIT Bundoora East Campus, Bundoora, Victoria 3073, Australia. ' SAMME, RMIT Bundoora East Campus, Bundoora, Victoria 3073, Australia vehicle aerodynamics drag coefficient lift coefficient wheel housing shape wheel-well wind tunnel vehicle design airflow wheel housings passenger cars aerodynamic performance. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 275 291 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44727 A model of a cab-operator and an isolating mount system is created and analysed. The method to calculate a system's natural frequency and kinetic energy percentage distribution of mode is presented. The optimised design to achieve the desired natural frequency range and minimise the motion coupling at each mode is introduced. The results of a case study demonstrate that suitable mount locations and rubber mount stiffness create the required natural frequency and lowest mode coupling. The disturbance or excitation from one motion to the others is minimised so that the vibration isolation performance will be greatly enhanced. Optimal mounting design for cab vibration isolation
Peijun Xu; Bill Bernardo; Ken Tan
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 292 - 304
A model of a cab-operator and an isolating mount system is created and analysed. The method to calculate a system's natural frequency and kinetic energy percentage distribution of mode is presented. The optimised design to achieve the desired natural frequency range and minimise the motion coupling at each mode is introduced. The results of a case study demonstrate that suitable mount locations and rubber mount stiffness create the required natural frequency and lowest mode coupling. The disturbance or excitation from one motion to the others is minimised so that the vibration isolation performance will be greatly enhanced.

]]> 10.1504/IJVD.2011.044727 International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 57, No. 2/3 (2011) pp. 292 - 304 Peijun Xu; Bill Bernardo; Ken Tan Ebco Inc., 1330 Holmes Road, Elgin, IL 60123, USA. ' Ebco Inc., 1330 Holmes Road, Elgin, IL 60123, USA. ' Ebco Inc., 1330 Holmes Road, Elgin, IL 60123, USA cab vibrationn vibration isolation mounting principal axes natural frequency percentage kinetic energy distribution optimisation vehicle design vehicle vibration motion coupling mount locations rubber mount stiffness. 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00 57 2/3 292 304 2012-01-05T23:20:50-05:00