International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=29&year=2012&vol=11&issue=1/2 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation 1470-6075 1741-5284 © 2012 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijttc_scoverijttc.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=29&year=2012&vol=11&issue=1/2 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43934 This paper presents a conceptual framework for overcoming the gap between academic research and commercial application, including the mechanisms through which government support can facilitate the transfer of research-based technologies into commercial application. The efforts made by the Norwegian Government to promote commercialisation of university research are presented and analysed. Based on the Norwegian experience, we describe three mechanisms for promoting the commercialisation of university research: 1) extending academic research into development 2) extending the role of commercial actors and investors who are 'receivers' of technologies developed on the basis of academic research 3) supporting the development and engagement of intermediators. The three mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and implemented together can result in synergies that improve the yield from efforts to bridge the gap between academic research and commercial application. A framework for government support mechanisms aimed at enhancing university technology transfer: the Norwegian case
Einar Rasmussen; Mark P. Rice
International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 1 - 25
This paper presents a conceptual framework for overcoming the gap between academic research and commercial application, including the mechanisms through which government support can facilitate the transfer of research-based technologies into commercial application. The efforts made by the Norwegian Government to promote commercialisation of university research are presented and analysed. Based on the Norwegian experience, we describe three mechanisms for promoting the commercialisation of university research: 1) extending academic research into development 2) extending the role of commercial actors and investors who are 'receivers' of technologies developed on the basis of academic research 3) supporting the development and engagement of intermediators. The three mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and implemented together can result in synergies that improve the yield from efforts to bridge the gap between academic research and commercial application.

]]> 10.1504/IJTTC.2012.043934 International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 1 - 25 Einar Rasmussen; Mark P. Rice Bodø Graduate School of Business, 8049 Bodø, Norway. ' School of Business, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, USA commercialisation university research government support mechanisms technology transfer intermediators Norway technology transfer universities academic research. 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 11 1/2 1 25 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43910 This study reviews the literature involving critical factors contributing to university technology transfer office success and then examines those factors within a stratified sample of four comparative case studies of peer university technology transfer offices. Two models of relative success and failure emerged, based on similarities and differences along the eight factors identified in the literature. Two additional success factors emerged during the course of the research. The ways in which technology transfer offices organised the commercialisation process, along with the degree of focus on both internal and external website utility, also seemed to play a significant role in university technology transfer office success. University technology transfer office success factors: a comparative case study
Anne S. York; Mark J. Ahn
International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 26 - 50
This study reviews the literature involving critical factors contributing to university technology transfer office success and then examines those factors within a stratified sample of four comparative case studies of peer university technology transfer offices. Two models of relative success and failure emerged, based on similarities and differences along the eight factors identified in the literature. Two additional success factors emerged during the course of the research. The ways in which technology transfer offices organised the commercialisation process, along with the degree of focus on both internal and external website utility, also seemed to play a significant role in university technology transfer office success.

]]> 10.1504/IJTTC.2012.043910 International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 26 - 50 Anne S. York; Mark J. Ahn College of Business Administration, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68132, USA. ' Adkinson Graduate School of Management, Willamette University, 1120 NW Couch Street Suite 450, Portland, OR 97209, USA university technology transfer critical success factors CSFs university research commercialisation technology transfer websites organisational structure technology transfer offices technology commercialisation structure technology management. 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 11 1/2 26 50 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43912 This paper presents the results of an empirical survey on the licensing performance of Italian universities, in the period 1999 to 2003. The findings of the survey are then compared with those emerging from a previous work on the main public research organisation in Italy, the National Research Council (CNR). The results show the universities' licensing performance to be 50% lower than that of the CNR. We then carry out a qualitative exploration of the environmental and organisational contexts of the two research systems, evaluating likely reasons that may explain the performance gap. We prove that the universities' average patent portfolio, smaller in size with respect to that of the CNR, influenced the licensing performance gap. The performances of both the universities and the CNR are also contrasted with those of other foreign research systems, namely the US, Canadian and British ones, in the aggregate form. Assessing the relative technology transfer performance of universities and public research laboratories: the case of Italy
Giovanni Abramo; Fabio Pugini
International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 51 - 69
This paper presents the results of an empirical survey on the licensing performance of Italian universities, in the period 1999 to 2003. The findings of the survey are then compared with those emerging from a previous work on the main public research organisation in Italy, the National Research Council (CNR). The results show the universities' licensing performance to be 50% lower than that of the CNR. We then carry out a qualitative exploration of the environmental and organisational contexts of the two research systems, evaluating likely reasons that may explain the performance gap. We prove that the universities' average patent portfolio, smaller in size with respect to that of the CNR, influenced the licensing performance gap. The performances of both the universities and the CNR are also contrasted with those of other foreign research systems, namely the US, Canadian and British ones, in the aggregate form.

]]> 10.1504/IJTTC.2012.043912 International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 51 - 69 Giovanni Abramo; Fabio Pugini National Research Council of Italy, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy; Laboratory for Studies on Research and Technology Transfer (RTT), Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy. ' Laboratory for Studies on Research and Technology Transfer (RTT), Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy patents licensing technology transfer universities public research laboratories Italy university research USA United States Canada UK United Kingdom performance evaluation. 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 11 1/2 51 69 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43911 Health economics is extensively used by reimbursement agencies to make decisions on whether to adopt new medical technologies. It is also used by the healthcare industry as an aid to decision making during product development. This paper proposes that academic healthcare technology transfer could also benefit from adopting health economics. The study investigated the knowledge and attitudes of academic staff involved in developing and transferring healthcare technologies. The participants had little or no prior knowledge of health economics; however, the majority reported that this method had the potential to aid development and commercialisation. The innovations developed by the workshop attendees and their commercialisation plans were of a type that could potentially benefit from cost-effectiveness calculations. Health economics has the potential to make valuable contribution to academic healthcare innovation. Research is required to develop this method further and ensure that it can be successfully applied in academia. Can health economics aid decision making in healthcare innovation in academia?
Bo Lu; Jennifer L. Martin; Michael P. Craven; Stephen P. Morgan
International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 70 - 87
Health economics is extensively used by reimbursement agencies to make decisions on whether to adopt new medical technologies. It is also used by the healthcare industry as an aid to decision making during product development. This paper proposes that academic healthcare technology transfer could also benefit from adopting health economics. The study investigated the knowledge and attitudes of academic staff involved in developing and transferring healthcare technologies. The participants had little or no prior knowledge of health economics; however, the majority reported that this method had the potential to aid development and commercialisation. The innovations developed by the workshop attendees and their commercialisation plans were of a type that could potentially benefit from cost-effectiveness calculations. Health economics has the potential to make valuable contribution to academic healthcare innovation. Research is required to develop this method further and ensure that it can be successfully applied in academia.

]]> 10.1504/IJTTC.2012.043911 International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 70 - 87 Bo Lu; Jennifer L. Martin; Michael P. Craven; Stephen P. Morgan Multidisciplinary Assessment of Technology Centre for Healthcare, Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. ' Multidisciplinary Assessment of Technology Centre for Healthcare, Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. ' Multidisciplinary Assessment of Technology Centre for Healthcare, Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. ' Multidisciplinary Assessment of Technology Centre for Healthcare, Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK health economics healthcare technology academic innovation technology transfer cost-effectiveness analysis decision making stage gate model healthcare innovation new medical technology product development commercialisation university research. 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 11 1/2 70 87 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43908 International Agriculture Research Centres (IARCs) and other public research organisations increasingly find themselves exposed to intellectual property rights due to inter alia the advent of the intellectual property system, privatisation of research and increased collaboration with the private sector. There is an inherent theoretical conflict in the application of private rights for the provision of public goods given that intellectual property rights (IPRs) introduce excludability to a good. But there is a distinction between the existence and exercise of IPRs. The latter, conducted creatively, can mitigate the excludability effect brought about by the former. Examples of the creative exercise of IPRs illustrate that IP capacity is vital. IARCs and other public research organisations particularly those in developing countries must invest in IP capacity in order to formulate creative IP policies and strategies and implement them in a manner that ensures their public goods mandate is not compromised. A balancing act: IPRs and public agriculture research
Lois Muraguri
International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 88 - 109
International Agriculture Research Centres (IARCs) and other public research organisations increasingly find themselves exposed to intellectual property rights due to inter alia the advent of the intellectual property system, privatisation of research and increased collaboration with the private sector. There is an inherent theoretical conflict in the application of private rights for the provision of public goods given that intellectual property rights (IPRs) introduce excludability to a good. But there is a distinction between the existence and exercise of IPRs. The latter, conducted creatively, can mitigate the excludability effect brought about by the former. Examples of the creative exercise of IPRs illustrate that IP capacity is vital. IARCs and other public research organisations particularly those in developing countries must invest in IP capacity in order to formulate creative IP policies and strategies and implement them in a manner that ensures their public goods mandate is not compromised.

]]> 10.1504/IJTTC.2012.043908 International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 88 - 109 Lois Muraguri Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands, Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK intellectual property rights IPRs Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research public research agriculture research International Agriculture Research Centres IARCs technology transfer. 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 11 1/2 88 109 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43917 Technology transfer (TT) from academia to industry is one of the key components that is required in the translation of basic research discoveries into commercial opportunities that benefit humanity. This paper examines the TT process at four premier universities and research institutions across the USA: Harvard University, Emory University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and The Scripps Research Institute. In this inaugural publication in a series of related publications studying multiple aspects of TT, we develop a variety of initial metrics and ratios measuring critical factors contributing to the success of TT and provide a generic model that can address certain bottlenecks in the process and enhance its efficiency. Emerging metrics in technology transfer I. Case studies in the life sciences
Varun Y. Vaidya; Amar P. Kadaba; Alex Nieves; Fumin Shi; Limin Wang; Yi-Ling Chen; Shuqian Yu; Lei Gao; Kenneth P. Moritz; Kathleen M. Czupich; Allen B. Reitz
International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 110 - 136
Technology transfer (TT) from academia to industry is one of the key components that is required in the translation of basic research discoveries into commercial opportunities that benefit humanity. This paper examines the TT process at four premier universities and research institutions across the USA: Harvard University, Emory University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and The Scripps Research Institute. In this inaugural publication in a series of related publications studying multiple aspects of TT, we develop a variety of initial metrics and ratios measuring critical factors contributing to the success of TT and provide a generic model that can address certain bottlenecks in the process and enhance its efficiency.

]]> 10.1504/IJTTC.2012.043917 International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 110 - 136 Varun Y. Vaidya; Amar P. Kadaba; Alex Nieves; Fumin Shi; Limin Wang; Yi-Ling Chen; Shuqian Yu; Lei Gao; Kenneth P. Moritz; Kathleen M. Czupich; Allen B. Reitz The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' The Consulting Division, Penn Biotech Group (PBG), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ' Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Pennsylvania Drug Discovery Institute (PDDI), 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA 18902, USA. ' Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Pennsylvania Drug Discovery Institute (PDDI), 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA 18902, USA. ' Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Pennsylvania Drug Discovery Institute (PDDI), 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA 18902, USA technology transfer patents licensing life sciences biotech pharmaceutical medical devices entrepreneurship inventors venture capital biotechnology innovation academic research university research commercialisation metrics performance measurement critical success factors CSFs bottlenecks. 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00 11 1/2 110 136 2011-12-01T23:20:50-05:00