International Journal of Tourism Policy http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=200&year=2010&vol=3&issue=4 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Tourism Policy 1750-4090 1750-4104 © 2010 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijtp_scoverijtp.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=200&year=2010&vol=3&issue=4 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=40389 This paper compares two very different tourism crises: the 2004 tsunami on the Andaman coast of southern Thailand and the occupation of the Bangkok airports in the course of Anti-government protests in 2008. The paper focuses on the significance of the different sources of these crises for their distinctive dynamics: exogenous or endogenous to the society's socio-political or tourist system. The source of the tsunami crisis was exogenously generated; though a major disaster, it could have been relatively successfully managed, since it did not affect the socio-political centre. The source of the airport occupation crisis was the ongoing political struggle. Though a comparatively much less severe tourism crisis, the government was unable to resolve it since its authority imploded. The author argues that the management of tourism crises is deeply embedded in the socio-political system, as shown in this comparative study; its practices should therefore not be taken for granted, but considered a topic of investigation. Tourism crises: a comparative perspective
Erik Cohen
International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 281 - 296
This paper compares two very different tourism crises: the 2004 tsunami on the Andaman coast of southern Thailand and the occupation of the Bangkok airports in the course of Anti-government protests in 2008. The paper focuses on the significance of the different sources of these crises for their distinctive dynamics: exogenous or endogenous to the society's socio-political or tourist system. The source of the tsunami crisis was exogenously generated; though a major disaster, it could have been relatively successfully managed, since it did not affect the socio-political centre. The source of the airport occupation crisis was the ongoing political struggle. Though a comparatively much less severe tourism crisis, the government was unable to resolve it since its authority imploded. The author argues that the management of tourism crises is deeply embedded in the socio-political system, as shown in this comparative study; its practices should therefore not be taken for granted, but considered a topic of investigation.

]]> 10.1504/IJTP.2010.040389 International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 281 - 296 Erik Cohen Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel tourism crises crisis management Andaman tsunami Thailand political crisis emergency management tourists socio-political systems politics natural disasters. 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 281 296 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=40390 The hotel industry is susceptible and vulnerable to crises; thus there is a need to address these problems through effective crisis planning. This paper develops a conceptual framework called the Onion Model of Strategic Crisis Planning (OMSCP) to examine the key factors influencing hotel crisis planning, including individual psychological factors, organisational factors and environmental contextual factors. The paper concludes by suggesting that this model could be used to better understand and explain crisis planning in the hotel context and that this would be a useful tool for further research in this area. A theoretical model for strategic crisis planning: factors influencing crisis planning in the hotel industry
Jie Wang, Brent W. Ritchie
International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 297 - 317
The hotel industry is susceptible and vulnerable to crises; thus there is a need to address these problems through effective crisis planning. This paper develops a conceptual framework called the Onion Model of Strategic Crisis Planning (OMSCP) to examine the key factors influencing hotel crisis planning, including individual psychological factors, organisational factors and environmental contextual factors. The paper concludes by suggesting that this model could be used to better understand and explain crisis planning in the hotel context and that this would be a useful tool for further research in this area.

]]> 10.1504/IJTP.2010.040390 International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 297 - 317 Jie Wang Brent W. Ritchie School of Tourism, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. ' School of Tourism, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia strategic management crisis planning systematic approach hotel industry Australia modelling strategic planning emergency planning emergency management crisis management tourism. 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 297 317 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=40391 Attracting international tourism to Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a key tool for social and economic development. However, SSA countries must first battle negative stereotypes and improve their national image. This study examines the use of media strategies for altering place image on the official tourism websites of SSA countries. The results indicate that official tourism websites use eight types of media strategies, grouped by four place characteristics. The study's discussion elaborates on the relation between place characteristics and the choice of media strategies, and proposes a framework for the use of online media strategies in place marketing. Online tourism marketing for Sub-Saharan African countries: battling stereotypes of high risk, hostility and underdevelopment
Eran Ketter, Eli Avraham
International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 318 - 331
Attracting international tourism to Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a key tool for social and economic development. However, SSA countries must first battle negative stereotypes and improve their national image. This study examines the use of media strategies for altering place image on the official tourism websites of SSA countries. The results indicate that official tourism websites use eight types of media strategies, grouped by four place characteristics. The study's discussion elaborates on the relation between place characteristics and the choice of media strategies, and proposes a framework for the use of online media strategies in place marketing.

]]> 10.1504/IJTP.2010.040391 International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 318 - 331 Eran Ketter Eli Avraham Department of Communication, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel. ' Department of Communication, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel marketing places media strategies tourism marketing Africa tourism online marketing nation branding place image alteration online marketing internet marketing e-marketing electronic marketing Sub-Saharan Africa negative stereotypes high risk hostility underdevelopment national images tourism websites. 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 318 331 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=40392 An interpretative analysis of 48 long interviews carried out in the Southeastern part of Portugal was performed, with the central aim of understanding how individuals perceive and verbalise risks related to tourism and how these risks influence the Travel Decision Making (TDM). It is concluded that although risks are to some extent unknown to decision makers, they may influence tourist choices, expressed by delaying, postponing or avoidance behaviours. Decisions are, however, context dependent and unique, deriving from individuals' life own settings and backgrounds; thus, motivations, existence of travel companion, family support and reduced costs of participation may invert the negative impact of risks and facilitate the decision. The moderator effect of risk on Travel Decision Making
Oriana Silva, Helena Reis, Antonia Correia
International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 332 - 347
An interpretative analysis of 48 long interviews carried out in the Southeastern part of Portugal was performed, with the central aim of understanding how individuals perceive and verbalise risks related to tourism and how these risks influence the Travel Decision Making (TDM). It is concluded that although risks are to some extent unknown to decision makers, they may influence tourist choices, expressed by delaying, postponing or avoidance behaviours. Decisions are, however, context dependent and unique, deriving from individuals' life own settings and backgrounds; thus, motivations, existence of travel companion, family support and reduced costs of participation may invert the negative impact of risks and facilitate the decision.

]]> 10.1504/IJTP.2010.040392 International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 332 - 347 Oriana Silva Helena Reis Antonia Correia CASEE, Faculty of Economics, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-117 Faro, Portugal. ' CASEE, Escola Superior de Gestao, Hotelaria e Turismo, University of Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8000-117 Faro, Portugal. ' CASEE, Faculty of Economics, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8000-117 Faro, Portugal tourism risks tourists hesitation travel decision making ecological systems theory qualitative research consumer behaviour Portugal preceived risks risk perception tourist choices. 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 332 347 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=40393 Over recent years the proliferation of terrorist atrocities has had a negative impact on the tourism industry and these images have been viewed globally facilitated by the media revolution. The aim of this paper is to examine the reality of terrorism and whether or not such media representation correctly portrays the reality on the ground or merely distorts the image of the geographical region. The paper attempts to place in context the potential risk for the general holidaying public and instead identifies other potentially apocalyptic scenarios resulting from environmental mismanagement/global warming which may impact negatively on the tourism industry. Crisis and risks in tourism: death takes a holiday – debunking the myth of terrorism and its psychological impact on the tourism industry
Tahir Rashid, Neil Robinson
International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 348 - 353
Over recent years the proliferation of terrorist atrocities has had a negative impact on the tourism industry and these images have been viewed globally facilitated by the media revolution. The aim of this paper is to examine the reality of terrorism and whether or not such media representation correctly portrays the reality on the ground or merely distorts the image of the geographical region. The paper attempts to place in context the potential risk for the general holidaying public and instead identifies other potentially apocalyptic scenarios resulting from environmental mismanagement/global warming which may impact negatively on the tourism industry.

]]> 10.1504/IJTP.2010.040393 International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 348 - 353 Tahir Rashid Neil Robinson Salford Business School, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK. ' Salford Business School, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK tourism risks terrorism media representation psychological impacts tourists tourism industry terrorist atrocities negative impact environmental mismanagement global warming. 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 348 353 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=40394 This paper endeavours to shed some new light onto the political dimensions of tourism, by contributing and enhancing understanding of the institutional dimensions of political instability and tourism. It aims to show, specifically, that tourism often is the result of politics, that it is inextricably intertwined sometimes with national politics, and often with international politics, social and environmental impacts, and thus has a direct and indirect influence, which cannot be ignored. To this end, at a first step a working definition of 'political instability' will be provided so as to facilitate the process of reviewing and critically assessing the extant literature. At a subsequent step, a contextual typology for the study of the relationship between political instability and tourism is developed. This typology has as its major objectives: to assist the categorisation and analysis of the relevant literature; to enable future researchers to empirically apply an analytical approach that it will delineate the basic sources of variation of the various conceptual themes relating political instability and tourism. A contextual typology for the study of the relationship between political instability and tourism
Antonis L. Theocharous
International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 354 - 363
This paper endeavours to shed some new light onto the political dimensions of tourism, by contributing and enhancing understanding of the institutional dimensions of political instability and tourism. It aims to show, specifically, that tourism often is the result of politics, that it is inextricably intertwined sometimes with national politics, and often with international politics, social and environmental impacts, and thus has a direct and indirect influence, which cannot be ignored. To this end, at a first step a working definition of 'political instability' will be provided so as to facilitate the process of reviewing and critically assessing the extant literature. At a subsequent step, a contextual typology for the study of the relationship between political instability and tourism is developed. This typology has as its major objectives: to assist the categorisation and analysis of the relevant literature; to enable future researchers to empirically apply an analytical approach that it will delineate the basic sources of variation of the various conceptual themes relating political instability and tourism.

]]> 10.1504/IJTP.2010.040394 International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010) pp. 354 - 363 Antonis L. Theocharous Faculty of Management and Economics, Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, P.O. Box 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus political instability contextual typology tourism politics. 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 354 363 2011-05-25T23:20:50-05:00