International Journal of Technology and Globalisation http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=104&year=2012&vol=6&issue=1/2 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 1476-5667 1741-8194 © 2012 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijtg_scoverijtg.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=104&year=2012&vol=6&issue=1/2 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45293 What explains the uneven competitiveness we find in global markets, where some firms are able to dominate? Obvious path dependency and ‘stickiness’ in markets persists, despite efforts by others with potentially greater comparative advantage. An evolutionary view of global market competitiveness provides the best answer. Timing determines fortunes. In order to take advantage of technological windows of opportunity, a co-evolutionary state-private sector partnership is required. Our study of the emergence of wireless manufacturing entrants suggests that success depends on the ability to adapt to changes in comparative advantage, markets, and technology. Globalisation therefore requires even more state intervention, albeit in more strategic ways, not less, and state intervention is at the heart of the success of national firms. The cyclical nature of global markets and technology advances offers currently unrecognised opportunities for late entrants. Explaining sectoral leapfrogging in countries: comparative studies of the wireless sector
Anil Hira; Brian Wixted; Ricardo Arechavala-Vargas
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 3 - 26
What explains the uneven competitiveness we find in global markets, where some firms are able to dominate? Obvious path dependency and ‘stickiness’ in markets persists, despite efforts by others with potentially greater comparative advantage. An evolutionary view of global market competitiveness provides the best answer. Timing determines fortunes. In order to take advantage of technological windows of opportunity, a co-evolutionary state-private sector partnership is required. Our study of the emergence of wireless manufacturing entrants suggests that success depends on the ability to adapt to changes in comparative advantage, markets, and technology. Globalisation therefore requires even more state intervention, albeit in more strategic ways, not less, and state intervention is at the heart of the success of national firms. The cyclical nature of global markets and technology advances offers currently unrecognised opportunities for late entrants.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045293 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 3 - 26 Anil Hira; Brian Wixted; Ricardo Arechavala-Vargas Political Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ' Centre for Policy Research on Science and Technology, Simon Fraser University, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ' IDITpyme, Universidad de Guadalajara, Giosue Carducci 5621, Col. Jardines Vallarta, Zapopan, Jalisco, CP 45027, Mexico technology innovation evolutionary cycles windows of opportunity wireless technology wireless communications globalisation industrial policy state-private partnerships public-private partnerships PPPs wireless manufacturing state intervention late entrants market entry. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 3 26 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45294 The evolution of global wireless markets can be understood as paralleling and spurring technological and regulatory developments in co-evolutionary fashion. Wireless technology has deep roots in a number of different technologies, from the telephone to radar. The public monopoly nature of telephone service probably retarded the introduction of wireless technologies, whose early commercial precursors were introduced as early as 1974. The deregulation of telephone services allowed for the development of cell phones as an alternative. More recent technological advances have brought about a convergence of data and voice services, demanding again further regulatory and industry re-organisation. Introduction to wireless technology and markets
Anil Hira
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 27 - 37
The evolution of global wireless markets can be understood as paralleling and spurring technological and regulatory developments in co-evolutionary fashion. Wireless technology has deep roots in a number of different technologies, from the telephone to radar. The public monopoly nature of telephone service probably retarded the introduction of wireless technologies, whose early commercial precursors were introduced as early as 1974. The deregulation of telephone services allowed for the development of cell phones as an alternative. More recent technological advances have brought about a convergence of data and voice services, demanding again further regulatory and industry re-organisation.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045294 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 27 - 37 Anil Hira Political Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada wireless technology wireless communications technology development cell phones mobile phones regulation co-evolution. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 27 37 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45295 By the laws of natural advantage, Finland should be a natural resource producer. In fact, Nokia, now known as a leading manufacturer in cell phones, started out as a wood pulp company. A combination of historical and geographic conditions helped to set the stage for the transformation of this once isolated economy. However, policy interventions were essential. These interventions evolved over time. Even more important was taking advantage of the windows of opportunity afforded by the deregulation of telecommunications markets in the largest economies. The openness to adjustment and learning through mistakes speaks to a strong national determination. The coordination of state-private sector efforts towards national goals is unmistakeable and deliberate in the case of Nokia. Secrets behind the Finnish miracle: the rise of Nokia
Anil Hira
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 38 - 64
By the laws of natural advantage, Finland should be a natural resource producer. In fact, Nokia, now known as a leading manufacturer in cell phones, started out as a wood pulp company. A combination of historical and geographic conditions helped to set the stage for the transformation of this once isolated economy. However, policy interventions were essential. These interventions evolved over time. Even more important was taking advantage of the windows of opportunity afforded by the deregulation of telecommunications markets in the largest economies. The openness to adjustment and learning through mistakes speaks to a strong national determination. The coordination of state-private sector efforts towards national goals is unmistakeable and deliberate in the case of Nokia.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045295 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 38 - 64 Anil Hira Political Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada wireless technology Nokia Finland industrial policy technology policy wireless communications policy intervention windows of opportunity telecommunications deregulation state-private partnerships public-private partnerships PPPs. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 38 64 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45296 Two of the leading wireless manufacturers, LG and Samsung, got their start from Korean state-sponsored efforts to support industrialisation in advanced technology. These efforts follow an evolutionary trajectory of heavy handed state ‘guidance’ to a more regulatory approach in line with change circumstances and events, including the companies' success. While not without negative and idiosyncratic aspects, the South Korean experience in developing wireless champions points to a general strategy for state-private company relations for other developing nations. These include the importance of financial support, focused investments in human capital, and the interlinking of social capital networks around a common national purpose. As in the case of Nokia, the development of a specific sectoral strategy, the ability to absorb multiple failures along the way, and the embracing of a research and development strategy oriented towards global export success all suggest the importance of timing and learning featured in this edition. Evolution of the South Korean wireless industry: from state guidance to global competition
Anil Hira; James Morfopoulos; Florence Chee
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 65 - 86
Two of the leading wireless manufacturers, LG and Samsung, got their start from Korean state-sponsored efforts to support industrialisation in advanced technology. These efforts follow an evolutionary trajectory of heavy handed state ‘guidance’ to a more regulatory approach in line with change circumstances and events, including the companies' success. While not without negative and idiosyncratic aspects, the South Korean experience in developing wireless champions points to a general strategy for state-private company relations for other developing nations. These include the importance of financial support, focused investments in human capital, and the interlinking of social capital networks around a common national purpose. As in the case of Nokia, the development of a specific sectoral strategy, the ability to absorb multiple failures along the way, and the embracing of a research and development strategy oriented towards global export success all suggest the importance of timing and learning featured in this edition.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045296 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 65 - 86 Anil Hira; James Morfopoulos; Florence Chee Political Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ' 4297 Chelsea Crescent, North Vancouver, BC, V7R 3J4, Canada. ' Simon Fraser University, CPROST, HC 3542, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 5K3, Canada wireless technology wireless communications South Korea LG Samsung Finland industrial policy technology policy state-private partnerships public-private partnerships PPPs financial support, focused investment human capital social capital networks common national purpose. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 65 86 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45297 The paper outlines that the wireless Mexican industry is in an emergent stage, despite its high domestic market growth. Young institutions in their initial learning phases integrate the industry; it has small endogenous capabilities and faces huge technological uncertainties, the leading national companies are not manufacturers, being characterised by a highly concentrated market. The argument presents a description of the mobile telecommunication sector, the role of some of the central actors and particularly the main operator: TELMEX and its wireless subsidiary America Móvil. It also describes the history of the telecommunication sector because its evolution is intertwined with that of the wireless Mexican industry. Additionally, there is an analysis to explain how the opening, the liberalisation process and the public regulation inadequacy explain the industry development stage. Fieldwork was done through open-ended interviews and available statistical information. Mexico's telecommunications industry: the absence of industrial policy
Ricardo Arechavala; Claudia Díaz Pérez
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 87 - 108
The paper outlines that the wireless Mexican industry is in an emergent stage, despite its high domestic market growth. Young institutions in their initial learning phases integrate the industry; it has small endogenous capabilities and faces huge technological uncertainties, the leading national companies are not manufacturers, being characterised by a highly concentrated market. The argument presents a description of the mobile telecommunication sector, the role of some of the central actors and particularly the main operator: TELMEX and its wireless subsidiary America Móvil. It also describes the history of the telecommunication sector because its evolution is intertwined with that of the wireless Mexican industry. Additionally, there is an analysis to explain how the opening, the liberalisation process and the public regulation inadequacy explain the industry development stage. Fieldwork was done through open-ended interviews and available statistical information.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045297 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 87 - 108 Ricardo Arechavala; Claudia Díaz Pérez IDITpyme, Universidad de Guadalajara, Giosue Carducci 5621, Col. Jardines Vallarta, Zapopan, Jalisco, CP 45027, Mexico. ' Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Baja California 200, México, Distrito Federal, PC 06760, Mexico wireless technology wireless communications Mexico telecommunications sector public policy regulations technological capabilities endogenous capabilities. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 87 108 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45298 Brazil had the preconditions for the development of a national manufacturing capability in wireless phones. The weak performance of state-run phone system created pent up demand for wireless telecommunications. Pro-active government policies helped to build a research and development capacity, including a successful switching technology. However, incoherence in policies led to eventual failure of efforts to create national production. Brazil is now a maquila manufacturer, largely involved in labour-intensive assembly operations for foreign multinationals with few local development linkages. Brazil's experience provides a cautionary tale for the importance of consistent policies, for locating the appropriate relationship between public and private sectors in consonance with opportunities provided by technological and market cycles. Manufacturing telecommunications in Brazil: from leading edge to maquilas
Anil Hira; Luciana Thibau M. Da Rocha Socorro
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 109 - 127
Brazil had the preconditions for the development of a national manufacturing capability in wireless phones. The weak performance of state-run phone system created pent up demand for wireless telecommunications. Pro-active government policies helped to build a research and development capacity, including a successful switching technology. However, incoherence in policies led to eventual failure of efforts to create national production. Brazil is now a maquila manufacturer, largely involved in labour-intensive assembly operations for foreign multinationals with few local development linkages. Brazil's experience provides a cautionary tale for the importance of consistent policies, for locating the appropriate relationship between public and private sectors in consonance with opportunities provided by technological and market cycles.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045298 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 109 - 127 Anil Hira; Luciana Thibau M. Da Rocha Socorro Political Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ' Picushof 124, Eindhoven 5613SE, The Netherlands Brazil wireless technology wireless communications telecommunications public-private partnerships PPPs technological cycles privatisation research and development R& D indigenous capacity manufacturing capability cell phones mobile phones mobile communications. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 109 127 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45299 The developmental state literature has typically focused attention on the role of nation-state actors. However, cities are increasingly important centres of innovation and commerce (OECD, 2006). Thus as national state policy instruments are progressively governed by international conventions (Wade, 2003), can non-national level actors influence industry development? This paper explores the role of policy in the development of Calgary's (Alberta, Canada) wireless cluster. The paper shows that while the Alberta Government was important in the early phase, it withdrew leaving the cluster struggling through recent crises. Policy suggestions that are pro-market and pro-innovation and relevant to the context are indicated. Alberta: Policy inaction, crises, unintended consequences and cluster success in the semi-periphery
Brian Wixted
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 128 - 151
The developmental state literature has typically focused attention on the role of nation-state actors. However, cities are increasingly important centres of innovation and commerce (OECD, 2006). Thus as national state policy instruments are progressively governed by international conventions (Wade, 2003), can non-national level actors influence industry development? This paper explores the role of policy in the development of Calgary's (Alberta, Canada) wireless cluster. The paper shows that while the Alberta Government was important in the early phase, it withdrew leaving the cluster struggling through recent crises. Policy suggestions that are pro-market and pro-innovation and relevant to the context are indicated.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045299 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 128 - 151 Brian Wixted Centre for Policy Research on Science and Technology, Simon Fraser University, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC V5A 1S6, Canada technology globalisation developmental state cities wireless industries cluster policies Canada industrial clusters wireless technology wireless communications industrial development industrial policy. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 128 151 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=45292 To expeditiously address fundamental national development needs e.g., health, education, food security and natural resource management; Kenya needs to invoke space-based technologies. A vibrant domestic space sector further spawns a plethora of other space-related opportunities – congruous with the government's long-term planning strategy; Kenya Vision 2030. We specifically analyse Kenya's technological environment, and then characterize phase-by-phase technological evolution it requires to establish a space sector and become self-reliant in space technology for sustainable development. Kenya needs to build human, organisational and societal capacity through ‘leapfrogging’ technology transfer mechanisms. Mastering satellite engineering, earth observation and acquiring launch capability constitute the priority areas. Establishing a space sector for sustainable development in Kenya
Peter M.B. Waswa; Calestous Juma
International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 152 - 169
To expeditiously address fundamental national development needs e.g., health, education, food security and natural resource management; Kenya needs to invoke space-based technologies. A vibrant domestic space sector further spawns a plethora of other space-related opportunities – congruous with the government's long-term planning strategy; Kenya Vision 2030. We specifically analyse Kenya's technological environment, and then characterize phase-by-phase technological evolution it requires to establish a space sector and become self-reliant in space technology for sustainable development. Kenya needs to build human, organisational and societal capacity through ‘leapfrogging’ technology transfer mechanisms. Mastering satellite engineering, earth observation and acquiring launch capability constitute the priority areas.

]]> 10.1504/IJTG.2012.045292 International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (2012) pp. 152 - 169 Peter M.B. Waswa; Calestous Juma Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 33-208, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ' Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA Kenya space technology Vision 2030 sustainable development absorption capacity technology transfer capability hierarchy leapfrogging developing countries scientific development sustainability satellite engineering earth observation launch capability. 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00 6 1/2 152 169 2012-02-05T23:20:50-05:00