International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=175&year=2011&vol=2&issue=3/4 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship 1746-5370 1746-5389 © 2011 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijte_scoverijte.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=175&year=2011&vol=2&issue=3/4 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43721 A series of organisational mechanisms have been invented to foster innovation, typically inspired by the need to facilitate boundary crossing within and among organisations. In the past, many of these initiatives were relatively isolated from each other with, for example, clusters focusing on business development, centres on inter-disciplinary academic research and science parks on hosting R&D units of firms and government agencies. A process of creative reconstruction is identified in which innovation mechanisms converge; incorporating aspects of each other's remits into their own. A Triple Helix dynamic is thus instituted in which university-industry-government collaborations become a driving force for regional economic and social development. Special Introduction: Convergence of Science Parks, Centres and Clusters: From Creative Destruction to Creative Reconstruction in a Triple Helix Regime
Henry Etzkowitz
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 210 - 226
A series of organisational mechanisms have been invented to foster innovation, typically inspired by the need to facilitate boundary crossing within and among organisations. In the past, many of these initiatives were relatively isolated from each other with, for example, clusters focusing on business development, centres on inter-disciplinary academic research and science parks on hosting R&D units of firms and government agencies. A process of creative reconstruction is identified in which innovation mechanisms converge; incorporating aspects of each other's remits into their own. A Triple Helix dynamic is thus instituted in which university-industry-government collaborations become a driving force for regional economic and social development.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043721 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 210 - 226 Henry Etzkowitz Stanford University, USA science parks clusters research centres innovation mechanisms Triple Helix creative reconstruction regional development university-industry-government collaboration. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 210 226 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43722 The paper analyses the role played by the Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Brazil, in fomenting local development via the establishment and management of technology, traditional and cooperative incubators. Our theoretical basis for this analysis is the Triple Helix theory, which understands economic development as occurring through the transformation of traditional cultural-industrial areas into regional development poles, which are sustained by an alliance between government, university and private enterprise. In a Triple Helix region, universities and other knowledge-generating institutions are linked with investment funds and venture capital organisations to promote development through the interaction of three non-linear fields: knowledge, consensus and innovation. UNIFEI, Brazil: a case study of the role of the university in local development
Genecy Moraes Coelho Junior; Branca Terra; Elaine Cavalcate Peixoto Borin; Mariza Almeida
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 227 - 239
The paper analyses the role played by the Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Brazil, in fomenting local development via the establishment and management of technology, traditional and cooperative incubators. Our theoretical basis for this analysis is the Triple Helix theory, which understands economic development as occurring through the transformation of traditional cultural-industrial areas into regional development poles, which are sustained by an alliance between government, university and private enterprise. In a Triple Helix region, universities and other knowledge-generating institutions are linked with investment funds and venture capital organisations to promote development through the interaction of three non-linear fields: knowledge, consensus and innovation.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043722 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 227 - 239 Genecy Moraes Coelho Junior; Branca Terra; Elaine Cavalcate Peixoto Borin; Mariza Almeida Augusto Motta University Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Pronac Empreedimentos Comerciais e Industriais Ltda., Rua Trinta de Maio, 45, Penha Circular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21020-240, Brazil. ' State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State University UERJ, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 525 Bloco B room 8024, Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP 20550-013, Brazil. ' Rio de Janeiro State University UERJ, Rua Sao Francisco Xavier, 525, Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP 20550-013, Brazil. ' Augusto Motta University Center, Rua Paris, 72, Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21041-020, Brazil incubators local development Triple Helix innovation Brazil economic development regional development poles clusters university-industry-government collaboration knowledge consensus. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 227 239 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43723 In Taiwan's national innovation system, the Government-Sponsored Research Institutes (GSRIs) facilitate technology assimilation and/or transfer and cooperative R&D promotion in support of firms, and also act as a policy assistant. Drawing on the dataset of the "Local Industry Innovation Engine Program", the study quantitatively compares various types of the R&D alliances initiated by GSRIs and the types of R&D grants they received. Based on the empirical evidence, the study argues that there are significantly matching effect between types of GSRIs and the size of firms in organising R&D alliances. Some of GSRIs have their advantage in relieving the distribution inequality problem of innovation resources across sectors and regions. Research institutes and R&D subsidies: Taiwan's national innovation system and policy experiences
Meng-chun Liu; Fang-I. Wen
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 240 - 260
In Taiwan's national innovation system, the Government-Sponsored Research Institutes (GSRIs) facilitate technology assimilation and/or transfer and cooperative R&D promotion in support of firms, and also act as a policy assistant. Drawing on the dataset of the "Local Industry Innovation Engine Program", the study quantitatively compares various types of the R&D alliances initiated by GSRIs and the types of R&D grants they received. Based on the empirical evidence, the study argues that there are significantly matching effect between types of GSRIs and the size of firms in organising R&D alliances. Some of GSRIs have their advantage in relieving the distribution inequality problem of innovation resources across sectors and regions.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043723 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 240 - 260 Meng-chun Liu; Fang-I. Wen Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research, 75, Chang-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan. ' Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research, 75, Chang-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan research and development innovation R&D subsidies SMEs R&D alliances research institutes Taiwan national innovation systems small and medium-sized enterprises technology assimilation technology transfer. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 240 260 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43724 This study clarifies the features of science parks in the UK and Japan as well as the factors that affect the course of their development through focusing on the function and mechanism of the Triple-Helix linkages in Cambridge, Bristol, and Tsukuba. The study finds significant roles for various intermediary organisations capable of providing specialised knowledge and business support with new technology-based firms and the scientific community. The science parks in both countries share the same interests with regard to further commercialisation and innovation. On this point, the conclusion shows crucial action points for key policy-makers engaged in designing science parks. Science parks and Triple-Helix innovation in UK and Japan
Yumiko Myoken
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 261 - 274
This study clarifies the features of science parks in the UK and Japan as well as the factors that affect the course of their development through focusing on the function and mechanism of the Triple-Helix linkages in Cambridge, Bristol, and Tsukuba. The study finds significant roles for various intermediary organisations capable of providing specialised knowledge and business support with new technology-based firms and the scientific community. The science parks in both countries share the same interests with regard to further commercialisation and innovation. On this point, the conclusion shows crucial action points for key policy-makers engaged in designing science parks.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043724 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 261 - 274 Yumiko Myoken British Embassy Tokyo, 1 Ichiban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8381, Japan; National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), 7-22-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8677, Japan science parks innovation Triple Helix linkage technology commercialisation new technology-based firms NTBFs UK United Kingdom Japan entrepreneurship. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 261 274 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43725 This paper explores the Thai Venture Capital (VC) industry based on the Triple-Helix model. In particular, the characteristics of Triple Helix are analysed in terms of the structure of the VC market as well as the tax regulations related to VC funds. The results reveal that the growth of Thai VC market depends on government interacting with universities and industries. However, major problems inhibit the growth of entrepreneurship including the limited number of potential innovative ventures, the tax regulations concerning VC fund registration and the lack of experience in managing investment risk. The paper concludes by examining the policy implications of this work and recommending changes essential to develop the VC industry. The Triple-Helix implementation in the Thai Venture Capital industry
Tippawan Pinvanichkul; Jarunee Wonglimpiyarat
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 275 - 289
This paper explores the Thai Venture Capital (VC) industry based on the Triple-Helix model. In particular, the characteristics of Triple Helix are analysed in terms of the structure of the VC market as well as the tax regulations related to VC funds. The results reveal that the growth of Thai VC market depends on government interacting with universities and industries. However, major problems inhibit the growth of entrepreneurship including the limited number of potential innovative ventures, the tax regulations concerning VC fund registration and the lack of experience in managing investment risk. The paper concludes by examining the policy implications of this work and recommending changes essential to develop the VC industry.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043725 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 275 - 289 Tippawan Pinvanichkul; Jarunee Wonglimpiyarat King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thonburi, CB5, 8th Floor, 126 Prachautit Rd., Bangmod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand. ' College of Innovation, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand; Department of Administrative Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA venture capital private equity Triple Helix NIS national innovation systems entrepreneurship Thailand tax regulations investment risk risk management. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 275 289 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43726 Many researchers have shown that regional economic growth is linked to technology transfer and high-tech firm output of Science Parks and business incubators. Indeed, incubation can be a successful and complementary tool for university development. Searching for the success factors of Italian centres, the paper highlights that in the Milan sub-region is evident with the existence of the traditional trilateral networks, in which hybrid organisations are created to facilitate the exploitation and exchanges of knowledge, as well as value creation. Network-based innovation programs and tools, as the incubator of incubators model, are especially beneficial in the Italian entrepreneurial context. The role of Italian incubators and Science Parks in the Triple-Helix era. The hybrid model developed in Lombardy
Cinzia Colapinto
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 290 - 303
Many researchers have shown that regional economic growth is linked to technology transfer and high-tech firm output of Science Parks and business incubators. Indeed, incubation can be a successful and complementary tool for university development. Searching for the success factors of Italian centres, the paper highlights that in the Milan sub-region is evident with the existence of the traditional trilateral networks, in which hybrid organisations are created to facilitate the exploitation and exchanges of knowledge, as well as value creation. Network-based innovation programs and tools, as the incubator of incubators model, are especially beneficial in the Italian entrepreneurial context.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043726 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 290 - 303 Cinzia Colapinto Department of Management, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Fondamenta San Giobbe Cannaregio, 873, 30121 Venezia, Italy entrepreneurial universities science parks business incubators Triple Helix model incubator of incubators network-based innovation Italy regional development economic growth technology transfer high tech firms high technology. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 290 303 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43727 During the final years of the 20th century, whilst new economic rejuvenating policy known as the Cloning Silicon Valley Policy in those developed countries that had lost industrial competitiveness have been actively introduced, there is no clone in Japan, although the Japanese government tried to introduce similar policies under the 1000 University Start-ups within Three Years Plan. In this paper, I want to study the reason why these new policy in Japan has resulted in such poor outcome based on the Eco-system Building Model as a supplement to the Triple Helix, with its three models. From Triple-Helix model to eco-system building model
Akio Nishizawa
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 304 - 323
During the final years of the 20th century, whilst new economic rejuvenating policy known as the Cloning Silicon Valley Policy in those developed countries that had lost industrial competitiveness have been actively introduced, there is no clone in Japan, although the Japanese government tried to introduce similar policies under the 1000 University Start-ups within Three Years Plan. In this paper, I want to study the reason why these new policy in Japan has resulted in such poor outcome based on the Eco-system Building Model as a supplement to the Triple Helix, with its three models.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043727 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 304 - 323 Akio Nishizawa Graduate School of Economics and Management, Tohoku University, 27-1 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, 980-8576, Japan Austin model Cloning Silicon Valley Policy eco-system building model macro-policies meso-organisation micro-activities NTBFs new technology-based firms Triple Helix model Japan entrepreneurship. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 304 323 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43728 The Triple Helix nexus is, according to the results of this case research, a relevant framework to consider the practices and development of business incubation. This case study is based on two phases: at the general level we consider the practices of Finnish business incubators; at a more specific level we study the characteristics of the 40 most important Finnish business incubators. The contemporary incubators follow the structure of the first Finnish incubator, Technopolis Plc. in Oulu: i.e., they use the three part structure of the Triple Helix nexus. A special Finnish characteristic in the Triple Helix nexus is the importance of public actors in the structure. The characteristics of the Triple Helix nexus in Finnish business incubation
Rauno Rusko
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 324 - 344
The Triple Helix nexus is, according to the results of this case research, a relevant framework to consider the practices and development of business incubation. This case study is based on two phases: at the general level we consider the practices of Finnish business incubators; at a more specific level we study the characteristics of the 40 most important Finnish business incubators. The contemporary incubators follow the structure of the first Finnish incubator, Technopolis Plc. in Oulu: i.e., they use the three part structure of the Triple Helix nexus. A special Finnish characteristic in the Triple Helix nexus is the importance of public actors in the structure.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043728 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 324 - 344 Rauno Rusko Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lapland, P.O.B. 122, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland Triple Helix nexus business incubation Technopolis Finland traditions business incubators entrepreneurship. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 324 344 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43678 The purpose of this paper is to enhance understanding of the calculative bases of trust and distrust during the negotiation phase of new commercial collaboration relationships. Whereas the existing literature mostly offers quantitative snapshot pictures of inter-firm trust formation, this research followed a process-oriented approach. Analysis of interview and documentary data obtained from two sets of inter-firm collaborative negotiations showed that calculus-based perceived trustworthiness between firms arises from the presence of the following conditions: 1) the partner's interest in getting involved in the negotiated project; 2) its behavioural consistency and transparency during the collaboration negotiations; 3) its technical competence in carrying out the project duties; 4) its firm financial standing; 5) its compliance with the suggested formal control methods. Distrust, in turn, ensues from the lack of these. These sources of perceived calculative trust and distrust provide the prospective partners with rough practical estimates of how the forthcoming partnership might eventually work out, in other words, they form the bedrock of a new social institution, the collaborative network. The emergence of perceived calculative trust and distrust: the case of a small Finnish pharmaceutical company
Juha Tuunainen
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 345 - 361
The purpose of this paper is to enhance understanding of the calculative bases of trust and distrust during the negotiation phase of new commercial collaboration relationships. Whereas the existing literature mostly offers quantitative snapshot pictures of inter-firm trust formation, this research followed a process-oriented approach. Analysis of interview and documentary data obtained from two sets of inter-firm collaborative negotiations showed that calculus-based perceived trustworthiness between firms arises from the presence of the following conditions: 1) the partner's interest in getting involved in the negotiated project; 2) its behavioural consistency and transparency during the collaboration negotiations; 3) its technical competence in carrying out the project duties; 4) its firm financial standing; 5) its compliance with the suggested formal control methods. Distrust, in turn, ensues from the lack of these. These sources of perceived calculative trust and distrust provide the prospective partners with rough practical estimates of how the forthcoming partnership might eventually work out, in other words, they form the bedrock of a new social institution, the collaborative network.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043678 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 345 - 361 Juha Tuunainen Helsinki Institute of Science and Technology Studies, P.O. Box 18, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland trust distrust contracts inter-firm relationships R&D collaboration research and development pharmaceutical industry international business drug development technology development Finland negotiation perceived trustworthiness collaborative networks small firms. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 345 361 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=43679 University-industry partnerships facilitate socio-economic development by incubating innovations and diffusing entrepreneurial capabilities to create new markets in rural areas. Complexity theory based approaches are used to develop a process model of emergence based on a case study of a leading Indian technical institution involved in creating new technologies and markets. The process model outlines three key mechanisms by which university-industry linkages can address the dual challenge of achieving global competitiveness and promoting rural development: system reconfiguration; technological recombination; entrepreneurship dissemination. The emergence of new markets is contingent on the development and deployment of innovative, low-cost technologies that foster distributed entrepreneurship. The emergence of new markets, distributed entrepreneurship and the university: fostering development in India
Gita Surie
International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 362 - 381
University-industry partnerships facilitate socio-economic development by incubating innovations and diffusing entrepreneurial capabilities to create new markets in rural areas. Complexity theory based approaches are used to develop a process model of emergence based on a case study of a leading Indian technical institution involved in creating new technologies and markets. The process model outlines three key mechanisms by which university-industry linkages can address the dual challenge of achieving global competitiveness and promoting rural development: system reconfiguration; technological recombination; entrepreneurship dissemination. The emergence of new markets is contingent on the development and deployment of innovative, low-cost technologies that foster distributed entrepreneurship.

]]> 10.1504/IJTE.2011.043679 International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, Vol. 2, No. 3/4 (2011) pp. 362 - 381 Gita Surie School of Business, Adelphi University, One South Avenue, Garden City, NY 11530, USA distributed entrepreneurship new market emergence technological innovation university-industry partnerships complexity theory entrepreneurial capabilities rural development India industrial collaboration university-industry cooperation global competitiveness universities. 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00 2 3/4 362 381 2011-11-16T23:20:50-05:00