International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=195&year=2011&vol=5&issue=5/6 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering 1749-785X 1749-7868 © 2011 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijsurfse_scoverijsurfse.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=195&year=2011&vol=5&issue=5/6 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44392 In this study, lateral force microscopy (LFM) technique was used to investigate local friction and wear behaviour on individual phases of dual phase steel. Important factors influencing friction interpretation at nanoscale are investigated. A nanoprobe made of silicon nitride (20 nm tip radius) was used for this investigation. The difference in phases is clearly apparent when the surface is smooth but with a slight increase in surface roughness, the frictional difference between the phases got masked. A clear direct dependence of friction force on normal force was observed at nanoscale as predicted by Derjaguin's friction model. This model appeared to be valid irrespective of the surface roughness modifications on different phases of the material. The tip wear phenomenon was detected through adhesion force measurements before and after the test. Even at nanoscales, the wear resistance was found to be directly dependent on the hardness of the phases. Nanotribology on individual phases of duplex steel: combining roughness, material effects, and friction
Satish Achanta; Jean-Pierre Celis; Pierre Ponthiaux; Dirk Drees
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 331 - 347
In this study, lateral force microscopy (LFM) technique was used to investigate local friction and wear behaviour on individual phases of dual phase steel. Important factors influencing friction interpretation at nanoscale are investigated. A nanoprobe made of silicon nitride (20 nm tip radius) was used for this investigation. The difference in phases is clearly apparent when the surface is smooth but with a slight increase in surface roughness, the frictional difference between the phases got masked. A clear direct dependence of friction force on normal force was observed at nanoscale as predicted by Derjaguin's friction model. This model appeared to be valid irrespective of the surface roughness modifications on different phases of the material. The tip wear phenomenon was detected through adhesion force measurements before and after the test. Even at nanoscales, the wear resistance was found to be directly dependent on the hardness of the phases.

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044392 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 331 - 347 Satish Achanta; Jean-Pierre Celis; Pierre Ponthiaux; Dirk Drees Falex Tribology NV, Wingepark 23B, 3110 Rotselaar, Belgium; Department MTM, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. ' Department MTM, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. ' LGPM, Ecole Centrale Paris, Grande Voie des Vignes, 92295 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France. ' Falex Tribology NV, Wingepark 23B, 3110 Rotselaar, Belgium dual phase steel lateral force microscopy LFM nanotribology surface roughness Derjaguin model friction modelling wear behaviour nanotechnology nanoprobes silicon nitride tip wear. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 331 347 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44387 Torsional wear tests of bovine hip joint articular cartilage against Al2O3 femoral heads with a diameter of 28 mm were carried out on a new torsional fretting wear apparatus. The damage characteristics of articular cartilage were discussed in detail based on an analysis of frictional kinetics behaviors, SEM observations, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results indicated that the behaviors of torsional wear were strongly dependent on angular displacement amplitudes and the number of cycles, which can be characterized by the curves of friction torque/angular displacement (T-). Three kinds of T- curves (i.e., linear, parallelogram, and elliptical curves) were observed during the process of torsional fretting wear and during the use of articular cartilage while running in partial slip and gross slip conditions. Along the radial direction, the wear scar could be divided into three parts, namely, the central sticking zone, the radial ridges and micro-crazes zone, and the detachment zone. With an increase in angular displacement amplitude, the netlike shape ridge can be observed along the radial direction from the contact center. The wear mechanisms of the cartilage was mainly similar to fatigue wear or similar to the mechanism of delamination in metal materials. Torsional fretting wear behaviour of nature articular cartilage in vitro
Zhen-bing Cai; Shan-shan Gao; Xue-qi Gan; Hai-yang Yu; Min-hao Zhu
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 348 - 368
Torsional wear tests of bovine hip joint articular cartilage against Al2O3 femoral heads with a diameter of 28 mm were carried out on a new torsional fretting wear apparatus. The damage characteristics of articular cartilage were discussed in detail based on an analysis of frictional kinetics behaviors, SEM observations, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results indicated that the behaviors of torsional wear were strongly dependent on angular displacement amplitudes and the number of cycles, which can be characterized by the curves of friction torque/angular displacement (T-). Three kinds of T- curves (i.e., linear, parallelogram, and elliptical curves) were observed during the process of torsional fretting wear and during the use of articular cartilage while running in partial slip and gross slip conditions. Along the radial direction, the wear scar could be divided into three parts, namely, the central sticking zone, the radial ridges and micro-crazes zone, and the detachment zone. With an increase in angular displacement amplitude, the netlike shape ridge can be observed along the radial direction from the contact center. The wear mechanisms of the cartilage was mainly similar to fatigue wear or similar to the mechanism of delamination in metal materials.

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044387 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 348 - 368 Zhen-bing Cai; Shan-shan Gao; Xue-qi Gan; Hai-yang Yu; Min-hao Zhu Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610031, China. ' State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. ' State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. ' State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. ' Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610031, China articular cartilage torsional fretting damage mechanism fretting wear bovine hip joints delamination. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 348 368 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44390 The microstructure and adherence of vitreous enamel to low carbon steel substrate with different compositions were evaluated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and the bending test method. The condition of the bubbles, the fish-scaling resistance, and the adherence strength were also analysed by microscopic methods. The results show that the microstructures of the enamel layers are similar for the two steels, while the addition of titanium and vanadium to the steel degrades the adherence. The mechanism of enamel-steel interface adherence could be explained as mainly mechanical interlocking, chemical bonding subsequent to a series of chemical reactions. Fe-rich dendrites can only be found in the bubbles located inside the interface transit zone. Microstructure and adherence of vitreous enamel to low carbon steel
Aiwen Zhang; Zhengyi Jiang; Sihai Jiao; Dongbin Wei
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 369 - 380
The microstructure and adherence of vitreous enamel to low carbon steel substrate with different compositions were evaluated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and the bending test method. The condition of the bubbles, the fish-scaling resistance, and the adherence strength were also analysed by microscopic methods. The results show that the microstructures of the enamel layers are similar for the two steels, while the addition of titanium and vanadium to the steel degrades the adherence. The mechanism of enamel-steel interface adherence could be explained as mainly mechanical interlocking, chemical bonding subsequent to a series of chemical reactions. Fe-rich dendrites can only be found in the bubbles located inside the interface transit zone.

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044390 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 369 - 380 Aiwen Zhang; Zhengyi Jiang; Sihai Jiao; Dongbin Wei Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. ' Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. ' Baosteel Research Institute, Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201900, China. ' Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia vitreous enamel microstructure adherence interface morphology low carbon steel steel substrate. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 369 380 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44391 Representative shot peening (SP) patterns as function of SP process parameters are calculated and presented. The work scrutinises the SP process parameters affecting the development of coverage and residual stresses (RS) by tackling the following phenomena: shot interactions into the shot stream, distribution of coverage on a reference plate surface, probability of non-uniform impact and relationship of adjacent impacts with RS development. The shot stream is simulated with a 2D kinematic model and the real distribution of the two most important SP parameters, i.e., shot velocity and angle are calculated. The effect of adjacent impacts on RS built-up is examined via a finite element (FE) model, resulting to a criterion about the minimum shot distance that affects the RS field. Finally, a stochastic simulation is performed via a germ-grain Boolean model, which simulates the stochastic nature of the process and results to the definition of realistic SP impact patterns. Controlled shot peening simulation for realistic impact pattern characterisation
G.I. Mylonas; G.N. Labeas
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 381 - 414
Representative shot peening (SP) patterns as function of SP process parameters are calculated and presented. The work scrutinises the SP process parameters affecting the development of coverage and residual stresses (RS) by tackling the following phenomena: shot interactions into the shot stream, distribution of coverage on a reference plate surface, probability of non-uniform impact and relationship of adjacent impacts with RS development. The shot stream is simulated with a 2D kinematic model and the real distribution of the two most important SP parameters, i.e., shot velocity and angle are calculated. The effect of adjacent impacts on RS built-up is examined via a finite element (FE) model, resulting to a criterion about the minimum shot distance that affects the RS field. Finally, a stochastic simulation is performed via a germ-grain Boolean model, which simulates the stochastic nature of the process and results to the definition of realistic SP impact patterns.

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044391 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 381 - 414 G.I. Mylonas; G.N. Labeas Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Laboratory of Technology and Strength of Materials (LTSM), Panepistimioupolis, Rion, 26500, Greece. ' Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Laboratory of Technology and Strength of Materials (LTSM), Panepistimioupolis, Rion, 26500, Greece shot peening shot stream simulation stochastic analysis representative patterns impact patterns kinematic modelling. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 381 414 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44388 Ni-20Cr coating was deposited on a commonly used boiler steel ASTM A213 347H by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process to enhance its high-temperature corrosion resistance. High temperature corrosion behaviour was investigated for the uncoated and HVOF sprayed Ni-20Cr coated boiler steel in a simulated boiler environment (Na<SUB align="right">2SO<SUB align=right>4-60%V<SUB align="right">2O<SUB align="right">5) at 900 High temperature corrosion behaviour of HVOF-sprayed Ni-20Cr coating on boiler steel in molten salt environment at 900
G. Kaushal; H. Singh; S. Prakash
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 415 - 433
Ni-20Cr coating was deposited on a commonly used boiler steel ASTM A213 347H by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process to enhance its high-temperature corrosion resistance. High temperature corrosion behaviour was investigated for the uncoated and HVOF sprayed Ni-20Cr coated boiler steel in a simulated boiler environment (Na<SUB align="right">2SO<SUB align=right>4-60%V<SUB align="right">2O<SUB align="right">5) at 900

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044388 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 415 - 433 G. Kaushal; H. Singh; S. Prakash Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIMT Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mandi Gobindgarh 147301, Punjab, India. ' School of Mechanical, Materials and Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India. ' Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India high temperature corrosion boiler steel protective coating oxide scales Ni-20Cr high velocity oxyfuel HVOF thermal spray corrosion resistance simulation corrosion kinetics steel coatings. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 415 433 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44389 The effect of laser irradiation from Nd:YAG laser on the glass structure in sodium borate glass containing Fe<SUB align="right">2O<SUB align="right">3 has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Core level spectra Fe 2p, Na 1s, B 1s and O 1s have been recorded and analysed. The general behaviour of the spectra indicate a decrease in intensity of the Fe 2p core level peaks implying a gradual loss of Fe ions from the surface of the sample with a change in laser wavelength. The O 1s peak showed a slight narrowing with increase in laser wavelength. The O 1s spectra were all curved fitted with two contributions from bridging oxygen (BO) and non-bridging oxygen (NBO). A model was introduced to explain the correlation between the disappearance of Fe ion from the glass surface and the narrowing of the O 1s spectra with increase in laser wavelength. Laser induced structural modification in Fe-Na-B glass samples investigated by advanced XPS technique
Abdelkrim Mekki; Guldad Khan Khattak; Mohammed Ashraf Gondal
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 434 - 445
The effect of laser irradiation from Nd:YAG laser on the glass structure in sodium borate glass containing Fe<SUB align="right">2O<SUB align="right">3 has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Core level spectra Fe 2p, Na 1s, B 1s and O 1s have been recorded and analysed. The general behaviour of the spectra indicate a decrease in intensity of the Fe 2p core level peaks implying a gradual loss of Fe ions from the surface of the sample with a change in laser wavelength. The O 1s peak showed a slight narrowing with increase in laser wavelength. The O 1s spectra were all curved fitted with two contributions from bridging oxygen (BO) and non-bridging oxygen (NBO). A model was introduced to explain the correlation between the disappearance of Fe ion from the glass surface and the narrowing of the O 1s spectra with increase in laser wavelength.

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044389 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 434 - 445 Abdelkrim Mekki; Guldad Khan Khattak; Mohammed Ashraf Gondal Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. ' Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. ' Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia materials processing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS iron borate glasses TM oxide glasses laser beams glass structures structural modification laser irradiation Nd:YAG lasers. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 434 445 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44396 Laser controlled melting of pre-prepared Haynes 188 alloy surface is carried out. A carbon film containing titanium carbide particles is formed at the workpiece surface prior to the laser treatment process. The metallurgical changes in the treated layer are examined, and the residual stresses formed at the treated surface are measured using the X-ray diffraction technique. It is found that laser treated surface is free from microcracks and surface asperities. The formation of carbonitride and nitride phases at the surface vicinity of the laser treated layer contributes to increasing hardness and dense layer formation at the surface. The residual stress formed at the surface is on the order of 590 Laser controlled melting of Haynes 188 alloy: surface with presence of TiC particles
B.J. Abdul Aleem; M.S.J. Hashmi; B.S. Yilbas
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 446 - 456
Laser controlled melting of pre-prepared Haynes 188 alloy surface is carried out. A carbon film containing titanium carbide particles is formed at the workpiece surface prior to the laser treatment process. The metallurgical changes in the treated layer are examined, and the residual stresses formed at the treated surface are measured using the X-ray diffraction technique. It is found that laser treated surface is free from microcracks and surface asperities. The formation of carbonitride and nitride phases at the surface vicinity of the laser treated layer contributes to increasing hardness and dense layer formation at the surface. The residual stress formed at the surface is on the order of 590

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044396 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 446 - 456 B.J. Abdul Aleem; M.S.J. Hashmi; B.S. Yilbas School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, DCU, Dublin, Ireland; ME Department, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. ' School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, DCU, Dublin, Ireland. ' ME Department, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia laser melting Haynes 188 alloy alloy surfaces titanium carbide TiC particles residual stress laser treatement microcracks hardness dense layer formation surface roughness. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 446 456 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44397 In metallic alloys, apart from the linear decrease of the wear rate with decreasing load, an additional decrease of wear rate has been observed and attributed to a number of different causes. In the present paper it is shown that this effect can be properly quantified from the hardness variation of the material with indentation depth, usually referred as indentation size effect (ISE). It is shown that, due to ISE, a significant reduction of wear is expectable in metallic alloys, as the asperities penetrate the surface of these materials to depths smaller than a few microns. As a result we propose a modification to the Rabinowicz wear equation that accounts for this effect and fits experimental results. On the influence of indentation size effect on the wear of metallic alloys
S. Graça; R. Colaço
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 457 - 462
In metallic alloys, apart from the linear decrease of the wear rate with decreasing load, an additional decrease of wear rate has been observed and attributed to a number of different causes. In the present paper it is shown that this effect can be properly quantified from the hardness variation of the material with indentation depth, usually referred as indentation size effect (ISE). It is shown that, due to ISE, a significant reduction of wear is expectable in metallic alloys, as the asperities penetrate the surface of these materials to depths smaller than a few microns. As a result we propose a modification to the Rabinowicz wear equation that accounts for this effect and fits experimental results.

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044397 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 457 - 462 S. Graça; R. Colaço Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland. ' BioEngineering Department and Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, TU Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal abrasive wear indentation size effect ISE modelling metallic alloys hardness variation indentation depth. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 457 462 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44401 Wear mechanisms of Ti-5Al-4V-0.6Mo-0.4Fe (Ti54) sliding against tungsten carbide under dry and cryogenic liquid nitrogen conditions were studied through the analysis of wear debris. The morphology of titanium alloy Ti54 wear debris collected from different sliding conditions was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In general, two different shapes of wear debris were detected. These are flake-type debris that had been collected from dry sliding condition and cutting chip-like debris from cryogenic sliding. The analysis suggests that different wear mechanisms, which are adhesive wear generated at dry sliding and abrasive wear at cryogenic condition, were in action. Correlation of wear debris morphology and wear mechanism of Ti-5Al-4V-0.6Mo-0.4Fe slides against tungsten carbide under dry and cryogenic conditions
T.C. Yap; N.S.M. El-Tayeb; P.V. Brevern; K.S. Sim
International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 463 - 481
Wear mechanisms of Ti-5Al-4V-0.6Mo-0.4Fe (Ti54) sliding against tungsten carbide under dry and cryogenic liquid nitrogen conditions were studied through the analysis of wear debris. The morphology of titanium alloy Ti54 wear debris collected from different sliding conditions was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In general, two different shapes of wear debris were detected. These are flake-type debris that had been collected from dry sliding condition and cutting chip-like debris from cryogenic sliding. The analysis suggests that different wear mechanisms, which are adhesive wear generated at dry sliding and abrasive wear at cryogenic condition, were in action.

]]> 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2011.044401 International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 5/6 (2011) pp. 463 - 481 T.C. Yap; N.S.M. El-Tayeb; P.V. Brevern; K.S. Sim Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia. ' Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ' Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia. ' Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia wear debris morphology wear mechanisms tungsten carbide wear tests cryogenic cooling titanium alloys sliding conditions adhesive wear dry sliding. 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00 5 5/6 463 481 2011-12-24T23:20:50-05:00