International Journal of Green Economics http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=158&year=2011&vol=5&issue=4 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Green Economics 1744-9928 1744-9936 © 2011 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijge_scoverijge.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=158&year=2011&vol=5&issue=4 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44617 This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities created for the world by the Kyoto protocol and the creation based on international law of a global market for carbon emissions trading, in particular, the significance of the clean development mechanism (CDM). The projects funded by CDM and paid for from the carbon market's funds have already achieved a real impact, they have decreased carbon emissions by the equivalent of 37% of EU emissions. The CDM projects should be expanded and improved. Carbon negative technology is available. Global Thermostat (GT) technology was formed in 2006 to develop and commercialise a unique technology for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and other sources. It has been successfully trialled and has the capability of transforming power plants into net carbon sinks. This, together with the green power fund, first proposed by the author in 2009 at Copenhagen COP15 could make a significant difference to the amount of emissions being reduced by involving Latin America, Africa and the Small Island States (relatively low polluters). The green power fund, a private fund of $200 Bn per year for 15 years. Green capitalism: negative carbon and the green power fund
Graciela Chichilnisky
International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 321 - 333
This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities created for the world by the Kyoto protocol and the creation based on international law of a global market for carbon emissions trading, in particular, the significance of the clean development mechanism (CDM). The projects funded by CDM and paid for from the carbon market's funds have already achieved a real impact, they have decreased carbon emissions by the equivalent of 37% of EU emissions. The CDM projects should be expanded and improved. Carbon negative technology is available. Global Thermostat (GT) technology was formed in 2006 to develop and commercialise a unique technology for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and other sources. It has been successfully trialled and has the capability of transforming power plants into net carbon sinks. This, together with the green power fund, first proposed by the author in 2009 at Copenhagen COP15 could make a significant difference to the amount of emissions being reduced by involving Latin America, Africa and the Small Island States (relatively low polluters). The green power fund, a private fund of $200 Bn per year for 15 years.

]]> 10.1504/IJGE.2011.044617 International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 321 - 333 Graciela Chichilnisky Columbia University, 335 Riverside Drive, 10025, NY, USA Kyoto protocol clean development mechanism CDM carbon negative technology Global Thermostat technology GT technology green power fund green economy carbon emissions trading carbon capture CO2 carbon dioxide. 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 5 4 321 333 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44618 As Phase III of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) will begin in January 2012 when airlines operating flights to or from Europe will have to buy carbon permits to help offset their emissions under EU legislation, carbon finance and trading in Europe is set to proceed to a new horizon. Launched in January 2005, EU ETS is one of the established multilateral measures in the broader climate deals which are tackling the vertiginous growth of carbon emissions in the region on its way to attain its '20-20-20' targets. Illustrating the background of and the relevant operational aspects of the EU ETS, this article will investigate the efficacy, potential problems, business opportunities and uncertainties of the ETS by taking a SWOT analysis. It will lead to a discussion on the system's usefulness in mitigating the 'common' problem of climate change. The state of carbon finance in Europe: a 'SWOT' analysis of the EU's Emissions Trading Scheme
Winston Mak
International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 334 - 352
As Phase III of the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) will begin in January 2012 when airlines operating flights to or from Europe will have to buy carbon permits to help offset their emissions under EU legislation, carbon finance and trading in Europe is set to proceed to a new horizon. Launched in January 2005, EU ETS is one of the established multilateral measures in the broader climate deals which are tackling the vertiginous growth of carbon emissions in the region on its way to attain its '20-20-20' targets. Illustrating the background of and the relevant operational aspects of the EU ETS, this article will investigate the efficacy, potential problems, business opportunities and uncertainties of the ETS by taking a SWOT analysis. It will lead to a discussion on the system's usefulness in mitigating the 'common' problem of climate change.

]]> 10.1504/IJGE.2011.044618 International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 334 - 352 Winston Mak Green Economics Institute, 1210 Parkview, Arlington Business Park, Theale, Reading, RG7 4TY, UK European Union EU Emissions Trading Scheme ETS Kyoto Protocol clean development mechanism CDM carbon trading carbon finance cap-and-trade carbon permits SWOT analysis climate change. 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 5 4 334 352 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44619 Reducing the impact of greenhouse gases (CO<SUB align="right">2) on climate change in an attempt to tackle global warming issues is a challenge many companies and businesses are trying to undertake. Businesses across the globe need to take a leadership role in reducing their carbon footprint. This paper proposes a new IT-based carbon sustainability framework that provides a comprehensive strategy to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (CO<SUB align="right">2) from data centres in order to reduce the effects of global warming. The proposed IT sustainability framework reduces the overall cost of ownership in data centres by employing new technologies to increase the use of already installed servers and proposes metrics to measure the efficiency of data centres from time to time in terms of energy consumptions and CO<SUB align="right">2 emissions. The proposed framework also increases the awareness of implementing metrics and highlights the development of a sustainability strategy for data centre managers to implement energy saving and CO<SUB align="right">2 emission techniques to enable them to increase productivity and help businesses gain a competitive edge. Carbon sustainability framework to reduce CO2 emissions in data centres
Mueen Uddin; Azizah Abdul Rahman; Jamshed Memon
International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 353 - 369
Reducing the impact of greenhouse gases (CO<SUB align="right">2) on climate change in an attempt to tackle global warming issues is a challenge many companies and businesses are trying to undertake. Businesses across the globe need to take a leadership role in reducing their carbon footprint. This paper proposes a new IT-based carbon sustainability framework that provides a comprehensive strategy to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (CO<SUB align="right">2) from data centres in order to reduce the effects of global warming. The proposed IT sustainability framework reduces the overall cost of ownership in data centres by employing new technologies to increase the use of already installed servers and proposes metrics to measure the efficiency of data centres from time to time in terms of energy consumptions and CO<SUB align="right">2 emissions. The proposed framework also increases the awareness of implementing metrics and highlights the development of a sustainability strategy for data centre managers to implement energy saving and CO<SUB align="right">2 emission techniques to enable them to increase productivity and help businesses gain a competitive edge.

]]> 10.1504/IJGE.2011.044619 International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 353 - 369 Mueen Uddin; Azizah Abdul Rahman; Jamshed Memon Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). ' Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). ' Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) carbon emissions carbon sustainability framework data centres greenhouse gases environmental sustainability metrics sustainable development CO2 carbon dioxide climate change global warming information technology energy saving energy consumption. 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 5 4 353 369 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44620 Foreign investors may finance and benefit from environmentally damaging activities, but then escape liability because victims of such harm are unable to obtain remedial relief from their domestic judicial system. A debated response to this problem is the idea that foreign investors be held liable by their home governments for the negative environmental impacts of their foreign investments. This article examines how such a liability regime can interact with the mode of financing to affect the optimal provision of incentives. In the model, domestic agents – who have a moral hazard incentive – can finance their activities by either issuing equity or borrowing from the international financial market. Monitoring by foreign investors partially ameliorates the moral hazard problem. We show that neither mode of finance is unequivocally better for environmental quality, which crucially depends on the quality of financial and legal institutions. Foreign investor liability for environmental damage: does the form of capital matter?
Joshua Anyangah
International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 370 - 383
Foreign investors may finance and benefit from environmentally damaging activities, but then escape liability because victims of such harm are unable to obtain remedial relief from their domestic judicial system. A debated response to this problem is the idea that foreign investors be held liable by their home governments for the negative environmental impacts of their foreign investments. This article examines how such a liability regime can interact with the mode of financing to affect the optimal provision of incentives. In the model, domestic agents – who have a moral hazard incentive – can finance their activities by either issuing equity or borrowing from the international financial market. Monitoring by foreign investors partially ameliorates the moral hazard problem. We show that neither mode of finance is unequivocally better for environmental quality, which crucially depends on the quality of financial and legal institutions.

]]> 10.1504/IJGE.2011.044620 International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 370 - 383 Joshua Anyangah School of Economics, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya capital flows environmental damage environmental impact foreign investor liability international environmental law foreign direct investment FDI debt moral hazard environmental quality. 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 5 4 370 383 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44621 This paper attempts to examine the possible contribution of green marketing to green economics. It will study the impact of marketing itself on consumption, lifestyles, etc. and then define green marketing, following a brief examination of environmental ethics. An analysis of the components of green marketing will be provided with an assessment of how any or a combination of those can realistically contribute to green economics. Green marketing: can it effectively contribute to green economics?
Khosro S. Jahdi
International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 384 - 395
This paper attempts to examine the possible contribution of green marketing to green economics. It will study the impact of marketing itself on consumption, lifestyles, etc. and then define green marketing, following a brief examination of environmental ethics. An analysis of the components of green marketing will be provided with an assessment of how any or a combination of those can realistically contribute to green economics.

]]> 10.1504/IJGE.2011.044621 International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 384 - 395 Khosro S. Jahdi Bradford College, Great Horton Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1AY, UK green marketing green economics environmental ethics. 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 5 4 384 395 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44622 Today's business world is realising the benefits of incorporating social responsibility into their strategic plans. The majority of today's Fortune 250 organisations are aggressively pursuing corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (KPMG, 2005). This shift towards environmental business models leads to the question of preparedness in new hospitality management graduates that are working in every facet of the tourism industry, which is one of the largest industries in the world. The long-term sustainability of tourism is contingent on the ability of tourism professionals and business leaders to ensure the growth of tourism with minimum impact on the environment. In this green era, hospitality management programmes would serve the industry well by staying ahead of the curve and incorporating into its curricula the importance of measuring our impact on the planet and people in addition to profits. Integrating CSR with hospitality management programmes in higher education
John Parker
International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 396 - 404
Today's business world is realising the benefits of incorporating social responsibility into their strategic plans. The majority of today's Fortune 250 organisations are aggressively pursuing corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (KPMG, 2005). This shift towards environmental business models leads to the question of preparedness in new hospitality management graduates that are working in every facet of the tourism industry, which is one of the largest industries in the world. The long-term sustainability of tourism is contingent on the ability of tourism professionals and business leaders to ensure the growth of tourism with minimum impact on the environment. In this green era, hospitality management programmes would serve the industry well by staying ahead of the curve and incorporating into its curricula the importance of measuring our impact on the planet and people in addition to profits.

]]> 10.1504/IJGE.2011.044622 International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2011) pp. 396 - 404 John Parker Argosy University, 3054 Ringwood Meadow, Sarasota, FL 34235, USA green industry environmentally friendly sustainability triple bottom line TBL tourism industry hospitality management education three Ps theory corporate social responsibility CSR eco-friendly sustainable development higher education. 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00 5 4 396 404 2011-12-31T23:20:50-05:00