International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=123&year=2012&vol=4&issue=1 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing 1742-5360 1742-5379 © 2012 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijev_scoverijev.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=123&year=2012&vol=4&issue=1 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44814 Sport is an important economic and social driver of regional development around the world. Both organisations and individuals are involved in creating innovative ways of fostering regional development through entrepreneurial practices in sport. The aim of this paper is to develop a conceptualisation of sports entrepreneurship that focuses on the role of innovation and regional development in the sports context. Different sport entrepreneurship schools of thought are discussed with a focus on developing theory based on the venture creation process. Three key components of sports entrepreneurship (opportunity recognition, dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial competence) are examined that lead to a focus on how sports entrepreneurial traits are innovative and encourage regional development. Entrepreneurial sport ventures are then stated which leads to the managerial and theoretical implications of the sports entrepreneurship construct being discussed. Guest editor's introduction: Sports entrepreneurship: towards a conceptualisation
Vanessa Ratten
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 1 - 17
Sport is an important economic and social driver of regional development around the world. Both organisations and individuals are involved in creating innovative ways of fostering regional development through entrepreneurial practices in sport. The aim of this paper is to develop a conceptualisation of sports entrepreneurship that focuses on the role of innovation and regional development in the sports context. Different sport entrepreneurship schools of thought are discussed with a focus on developing theory based on the venture creation process. Three key components of sports entrepreneurship (opportunity recognition, dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial competence) are examined that lead to a focus on how sports entrepreneurial traits are innovative and encourage regional development. Entrepreneurial sport ventures are then stated which leads to the managerial and theoretical implications of the sports entrepreneurship construct being discussed.

]]> 10.1504/IJEV.2012.044814 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 1 - 17 Vanessa Ratten Deakin Graduate School of Business, Deakin University, 70 Elgar Road Burwood Victoria, Australia sport entrepreneurship innovation regional development business ventures entrepreneurial venturing new ventures sports industry global environment opportunity recognition dynamic capabilities entrepreneurial competence entrepreneurial traits technological innovation sports entrepreneurs. 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 4 1 1 17 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44815 This paper explores the contribution of various forms of capital to the development of the entrepreneurial venture. It centres on the influence of human capital, which constitutes the foundation of knowledge-based societies and bears on how entrepreneurs organise and manage new technology and knowledge-based ventures. It extends existing theory on human capital by suggesting that the choice of innovative, strategic, organisational and leadership practices are influenced by one important type of human capital: namely socialisation from being trained to compete in sports involving such factors as physical strength, speed, endurance, a competitive mind, strategising and team spirit; all ingredients necessary in building a new venture. The paper departs from a quantitative dataset, triangulating with qualitative data derived from an open-ended survey distributed to two separate samples in order to compare male and female experiences. Still playing the game?
Helle Neergaard; Norris Krueger
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 18 - 31
This paper explores the contribution of various forms of capital to the development of the entrepreneurial venture. It centres on the influence of human capital, which constitutes the foundation of knowledge-based societies and bears on how entrepreneurs organise and manage new technology and knowledge-based ventures. It extends existing theory on human capital by suggesting that the choice of innovative, strategic, organisational and leadership practices are influenced by one important type of human capital: namely socialisation from being trained to compete in sports involving such factors as physical strength, speed, endurance, a competitive mind, strategising and team spirit; all ingredients necessary in building a new venture. The paper departs from a quantitative dataset, triangulating with qualitative data derived from an open-ended survey distributed to two separate samples in order to compare male and female experiences.

]]> 10.1504/IJEV.2012.044815 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 18 - 31 Helle Neergaard; Norris Krueger CARE, Department of Management, Aarhus University, Haslegaardsvej 10, DK-8210 Aarhus V, Denmark. ' Max Plank Institute of Entrepreneurship, 1632 South Riverstone Lane, #304, Boise ID 83706, USA entrepreneurship human capital socialisation self-efficacy competitive sports mastery experiences role models social persuasions intentions entrepreneurial venturing new technology based firms knowledge based firms sport training. 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 4 1 18 31 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44816 The Calgary Flames play in the National Hockey League. To increase their profits, they either decrease their expenses or increase their revenues (or a combination of both). The ability for an NHL team to decrease expenses under the collective bargaining agreement is somewhat limited, while increasing revenues is not. Thus, we have attempted to understand how the Calgary Flames have used an entrepreneurial attitude to increase net income throughout their history. Calgary Flames: a case study in an entrepreneurial sport franchise
David Legg; Vance Gough
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 32 - 41
The Calgary Flames play in the National Hockey League. To increase their profits, they either decrease their expenses or increase their revenues (or a combination of both). The ability for an NHL team to decrease expenses under the collective bargaining agreement is somewhat limited, while increasing revenues is not. Thus, we have attempted to understand how the Calgary Flames have used an entrepreneurial attitude to increase net income throughout their history.

]]> 10.1504/IJEV.2012.044816 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 32 - 41 David Legg; Vance Gough Department of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary T3E 6K6, Canada. ' Bissett School of Business, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary T3E 6K6, Canada Calgary Flames ice hockey sport entrepreneurship entrepreneurial venturing sport franchises Canada net income revenue increases. 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 4 1 32 41 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44817 Using non-traditional brand strategy and innovative techniques, Under Armour quickly established a dominant presence in the sport performance apparel market as a newcomer in its product category. It established strong brand equity among consumers through its messaging and authentic relationship with target consumers. Utilising marketing and brand management theories, this study analysed the entrepreneurial strategies implemented by Under Armour in establishing the company's current positioning in the sport performance apparel marketplace. Using Aaker's (2005) strategic market management theory and Porter's (1980) competitive forces model as a framework, this study analysed the different marketing methods utilised to develop, maintain, and sustain the Under Armour brand. Click clack: examining the strategic and entrepreneurial brand vision of Under Armour
Kimberly S. Miloch; Jason Lee; Patrick M. Kraft; Vanessa Ratten
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 42 - 57
Using non-traditional brand strategy and innovative techniques, Under Armour quickly established a dominant presence in the sport performance apparel market as a newcomer in its product category. It established strong brand equity among consumers through its messaging and authentic relationship with target consumers. Utilising marketing and brand management theories, this study analysed the entrepreneurial strategies implemented by Under Armour in establishing the company's current positioning in the sport performance apparel marketplace. Using Aaker's (2005) strategic market management theory and Porter's (1980) competitive forces model as a framework, this study analysed the different marketing methods utilised to develop, maintain, and sustain the Under Armour brand.

]]> 10.1504/IJEV.2012.044817 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 42 - 57 Kimberly S. Miloch; Jason Lee; Patrick M. Kraft; Vanessa Ratten Texas Woman's University, PH 208D, P.O. Box 425647, Denton, TX 76204-5647, USA. ' University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. ' The Norville Center for Intercollegiate Athletics, Loyola University Chicago, 6526 N. Winthrop Avenue, Chicago, IL 60626, USA. ' Deakin Graduate School of Business, Deakin University, 70 Elgar Road Burwood, Victoria, Australia brand development brand strategy consumer relations sport entrepreneurship performance apparel brand vision sports brands sport branding entrepreneurial venturing sports apparel sport marketing. 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 4 1 42 57 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44818 Current research in the area of sport marketing has provided new insight into the discussion concerning athlete brands. No longer are athletes simply of interest in areas of product endorsements; many are now considered powerful brands in their own right. Due to the relatively short careers of athletes, branding agencies specialising in the development and management of athlete brands have begun to market exclusive athlete branded content and entertainment. While superstars throughout the entertainment world have been of particular interest for some time, the extant literature on this topic has focused almost exclusively on the role of the athlete. However, very little is known about the role of the agency. This research adopts an expert interview methodology to explore the strategies employed by FusionSports, a marketing group specialising in digital athlete branding, in its effort to monetise the value of an athlete brand. Branding the elite professional athlete through use of new media and technology: an interview with Ash De Walt
Khalid Ballouli; Michael Hutchinson
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 58 - 64
Current research in the area of sport marketing has provided new insight into the discussion concerning athlete brands. No longer are athletes simply of interest in areas of product endorsements; many are now considered powerful brands in their own right. Due to the relatively short careers of athletes, branding agencies specialising in the development and management of athlete brands have begun to market exclusive athlete branded content and entertainment. While superstars throughout the entertainment world have been of particular interest for some time, the extant literature on this topic has focused almost exclusively on the role of the athlete. However, very little is known about the role of the agency. This research adopts an expert interview methodology to explore the strategies employed by FusionSports, a marketing group specialising in digital athlete branding, in its effort to monetise the value of an athlete brand.

]]> 10.1504/IJEV.2012.044818 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 58 - 64 Khalid Ballouli; Michael Hutchinson Department of Sport and Entertainment Management, University of South Carolina, 700 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. ' Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, Coastal Carolina University, P.O. Box 261954, Conway, SC 29528, USA sport entrepreneurship digital marketing new media athlete branding elite athletes professional athletes sport marketing sports agencies. 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 4 1 58 64 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44819 The aim of this paper is to structure the existing and emerging field of 'sport entrepreneurship' as well as to develop suggestions for future research. This paper examines the role of the sports entrepreneur and entrepreneurial process in new venture creation projects. This paper contributes to a general understanding of entrepreneurship in the sports context and suggests how further theoretical and empirical work on entrepreneurship needs to be conducted in the sports context. The major managerial and practical implications of sports entrepreneurship in this paper are to develop more entrepreneurial thinking in sports-related ventures. This paper is the first to focus on the future potential of sports entrepreneurship in creating entrepreneurial ventures, thereby providing a strong theoretical foundation for future research work. Sport entrepreneurship: challenges and directions for future research
Vanessa Ratten
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 65 - 76
The aim of this paper is to structure the existing and emerging field of 'sport entrepreneurship' as well as to develop suggestions for future research. This paper examines the role of the sports entrepreneur and entrepreneurial process in new venture creation projects. This paper contributes to a general understanding of entrepreneurship in the sports context and suggests how further theoretical and empirical work on entrepreneurship needs to be conducted in the sports context. The major managerial and practical implications of sports entrepreneurship in this paper are to develop more entrepreneurial thinking in sports-related ventures. This paper is the first to focus on the future potential of sports entrepreneurship in creating entrepreneurial ventures, thereby providing a strong theoretical foundation for future research work.

]]> 10.1504/IJEV.2012.044819 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 65 - 76 Vanessa Ratten Deakin Graduate School of Business, Deakin University, 70 Elgar Road Burwood Victoria, Australia sport entrepreneurship venture capital entrepreneurialism entrepreneurial venturing new ventures sports industry global environment technological innovation new venture creation. 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 4 1 65 76 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44820 Previous research on international new ventures focused on early outward-driven internationalisation. In contrast, the present study focuses upon international prospectors: international new ventures – founded in Germany or Switzerland – which are international from day one, source from Southeast Asia, and sell on the domestic market. Applying a comparative case-study design, our results indicate that, compared to outward-driven early internationalisers, international prospectors are rather low-tech. Similar to outward-driven international new ventures, founders of international prospectors are internationally experienced and cross-culturally educated. Moreover, intimate knowledge of the sourcing country has made them discover and transfer the business opportunity to the domestic market. In addition, we found that sourcing is not a dead end. Rather, international prospectors rapidly engage in exporting as well – making them in turn thoroughly international firms. Opening the black box: a comparative case study on international prospectors
Beate Cesinger; Claudius Habisreutinger; Adriana Danko
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 77 - 95
Previous research on international new ventures focused on early outward-driven internationalisation. In contrast, the present study focuses upon international prospectors: international new ventures – founded in Germany or Switzerland – which are international from day one, source from Southeast Asia, and sell on the domestic market. Applying a comparative case-study design, our results indicate that, compared to outward-driven early internationalisers, international prospectors are rather low-tech. Similar to outward-driven international new ventures, founders of international prospectors are internationally experienced and cross-culturally educated. Moreover, intimate knowledge of the sourcing country has made them discover and transfer the business opportunity to the domestic market. In addition, we found that sourcing is not a dead end. Rather, international prospectors rapidly engage in exporting as well – making them in turn thoroughly international firms.

]]> 10.1504/IJEV.2012.044820 International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) pp. 77 - 95 Beate Cesinger; Claudius Habisreutinger; Adriana Danko University of Hohenheim, Wollgrasweg 49, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Utrecht University School of Economics (USE), P.O. Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. ' Swiss Research Institute of Small Business, University of St. Gallen, Dufourstr. 40a, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland. ' Dutch Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship (NIKOS), School of Management and Governance, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands international new ventures INVs international prospectors international entrepreneurship Germany entrepreneurial venturing Switzerland cross-cultural education exporting. 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00 4 1 77 95 2012-01-09T23:20:50-05:00