International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=207&year=2011&vol=3&issue=4 Inderscience Publishers Ltd en-uk International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 1751-4088 1751-4096 © 2011 Inderscience Publishers Ltd editor@inderscience.com https://www.inderscience.com/images/files/coverImgs/ijehv_scoverijehv.jpg http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=207&year=2011&vol=3&issue=4 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44386 Building practical plug-in electric vehicles is under way at many car companies around the world, though it is expected that they will not be widely available in the USA for quite some time. The ultimate vehicle cost is controlled substantially by the battery storage capacity required and this, in turn, is governed by the vehicle size and performance expected by consumers. The present paper examines the specific situation where existing hybrid vehicles might be converted to plug-in functionality by adding a supplementary battery pack to extend the driving range while keeping the electric/gasoline hybrid drive-train intact. We examine fuel efficiency from the standpoint of vehicle weight to extract system parameters that quantify the extra fuel consumption associated with driving a slightly heavier vehicle after plug-in conversion has been effected. We show that only modest additional battery capacity is required to meet most commuter needs in a cost-effective manner. Understanding parasitic energy costs for PHEV conversion packs as we move toward V2G
Brian D. Viezbicke; Dunbar P. Birnie <suffix>III</suffix>
International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 309 - 317
Building practical plug-in electric vehicles is under way at many car companies around the world, though it is expected that they will not be widely available in the USA for quite some time. The ultimate vehicle cost is controlled substantially by the battery storage capacity required and this, in turn, is governed by the vehicle size and performance expected by consumers. The present paper examines the specific situation where existing hybrid vehicles might be converted to plug-in functionality by adding a supplementary battery pack to extend the driving range while keeping the electric/gasoline hybrid drive-train intact. We examine fuel efficiency from the standpoint of vehicle weight to extract system parameters that quantify the extra fuel consumption associated with driving a slightly heavier vehicle after plug-in conversion has been effected. We show that only modest additional battery capacity is required to meet most commuter needs in a cost-effective manner.

]]> 10.1504/IJEHV.2011.044386 International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 309 - 317 Brian D. Viezbicke; Dunbar P. Birnie <suffix>III</suffix> Materials Science & Engineering Department, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. ' Materials Science & Engineering Department, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA energy costs plug-in HEVs hybrid electric vehicles PHEVs energy conversion supplementary battery packs driving range fuel efficiency battery capacity commuter needs. 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 309 317 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44372 An electronically controlled continuous variable transmission (e-CVT) which consists of planetary gears and electric machines plays a key role in advanced hybrid powertrains of HEV/PHEV/EREVs. Design of these e-CVTs for best performance is a challenging task due to the complexity of these e-CVTs and hybrid powertrain system derived from them. In this work, a performance modelling and optimisation-based design method is introduced to automatically identify the best performance of an e-CVT or other complex hybrid vehicle powertrain system. The complex design optimisation problem for peak powertrain performance is solved using a unique two-stage search method to significantly reduce needed computation and assure the accuracy of the optimisation. Four representative e-CVT powertrain designs of representative HEV/PHEV/EREVs were used as case studies. Test results are calibrated using verified data to reveal the performance characteristics and potential of each powertrain designs. Application of this method to produce new e-CVT and gear-train designs with enhanced performance is demonstrated. A performance optimisation-based e-CVT design method and analysis of representative HEV/PHEV powertrains
Leon Zhou; Zuomin Dong
International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 318 - 339
An electronically controlled continuous variable transmission (e-CVT) which consists of planetary gears and electric machines plays a key role in advanced hybrid powertrains of HEV/PHEV/EREVs. Design of these e-CVTs for best performance is a challenging task due to the complexity of these e-CVTs and hybrid powertrain system derived from them. In this work, a performance modelling and optimisation-based design method is introduced to automatically identify the best performance of an e-CVT or other complex hybrid vehicle powertrain system. The complex design optimisation problem for peak powertrain performance is solved using a unique two-stage search method to significantly reduce needed computation and assure the accuracy of the optimisation. Four representative e-CVT powertrain designs of representative HEV/PHEV/EREVs were used as case studies. Test results are calibrated using verified data to reveal the performance characteristics and potential of each powertrain designs. Application of this method to produce new e-CVT and gear-train designs with enhanced performance is demonstrated.

]]> 10.1504/IJEHV.2011.044372 International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 318 - 339 Leon Zhou; Zuomin Dong Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, BC, V8W3P6, Canada. ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, BC, V8W3P6, Canada peak powertrain performance powertrain design model-based design electronic CVT continuous variable transmission e-CVT optimisation hybrid electric vehicles plug-in HEVs PHEVs extended range electric vehicles EREVs hybrid powertrains. 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 318 339 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44370 Given an all-wheel drive (AWD) electric vehicle, an energy optimal strategy for regenerative braking is presented as an extension to a known front wheel drive (FWD) only strategy. Different types of motors and their power capability are considered. The all-wheel drive and a front wheel drive setup are compared based on simulation of multiple driving cycles (NEDC, FTP75, SFTP, and NYCC). The presented analysis can be used for design of electric vehicles with all-wheel drive system (AWD). Regenerative braking in electric vehicles with all-wheel drive
Andre Suchaneck; Bo Zhang; Fernando Puente León
International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 340 - 352
Given an all-wheel drive (AWD) electric vehicle, an energy optimal strategy for regenerative braking is presented as an extension to a known front wheel drive (FWD) only strategy. Different types of motors and their power capability are considered. The all-wheel drive and a front wheel drive setup are compared based on simulation of multiple driving cycles (NEDC, FTP75, SFTP, and NYCC). The presented analysis can be used for design of electric vehicles with all-wheel drive system (AWD).

]]> 10.1504/IJEHV.2011.044370 International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 340 - 352 Andre Suchaneck; Bo Zhang; Fernando Puente León Institute of Industrial Information Technology (IIIT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hertzstr. 16, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany. ' Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. ' Institute of Industrial Information Technology (IIIT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hertzstr. 16, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany electric vehicles EVs electric powertrain regenerative braking hybrid brake systems all-wheel drive AWD vehicle design simulation driving cycles. 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 340 352 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44371 For electric vehicle (EV) operation, a major concern is whether the available on-board battery charge could sustain a specific trip or not. It is of practical benefit for EV driver to predict the battery energy demand for a specific trip a prior. This paper presents a trip specific scheme for estimating the battery state-of-charge (SOC) change based on the trip modelling in a probabalistic fashion. Assuming an approximate constant-acceleration model for trip segments, there are cases of accelerating, constant speed and decelerating segments. The distribution density functions of the segmental acceleration and mean speed are estimated from test driving cycle data. The stochastic characteristics of the SOC change for a specific trip is then obtained via a Monte Carlo type method. For an example trip in the greater Milwaukee area, simulation results show that for the example trip, the SOC change is 33.4% ± 6.4% with 95% confidence. Trip-based stochastic prediction of battery state-of-charge for electric vehicles
Nitin Ranjan; Yaoyu Li
International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 353 - 368
For electric vehicle (EV) operation, a major concern is whether the available on-board battery charge could sustain a specific trip or not. It is of practical benefit for EV driver to predict the battery energy demand for a specific trip a prior. This paper presents a trip specific scheme for estimating the battery state-of-charge (SOC) change based on the trip modelling in a probabalistic fashion. Assuming an approximate constant-acceleration model for trip segments, there are cases of accelerating, constant speed and decelerating segments. The distribution density functions of the segmental acceleration and mean speed are estimated from test driving cycle data. The stochastic characteristics of the SOC change for a specific trip is then obtained via a Monte Carlo type method. For an example trip in the greater Milwaukee area, simulation results show that for the example trip, the SOC change is 33.4% ± 6.4% with 95% confidence.

]]> 10.1504/IJEHV.2011.044371 International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 353 - 368 Nitin Ranjan; Yaoyu Li Elution, Inc., N14 W23833 Stone Ridge Dr., Suite #400, Waukesha, WI 53188, USA. ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA electric vehicles EVs battery state-of-charge SOC determination stochastic modelling trip modelling Monte Carlo simulation on-board batteries battery charging. 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 353 368 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=44373 Hybrid vehicles are common in the marketplace for passenger cars and commercial applications such as delivery trucks and transit busses. One of the biggest justifications for hybrids is their fuel efficiency. With fuel costs as high as $100 per litre in the battle field it is remarkable that there are no deployed hybrid military vehicles. This is not due to a lack of investment in research and development, since much work has been done. The goal of this survey paper is to summarise past research in both the commercial and government sectors towards achieving a military hybrid vehicle and provide recommendations for a path forward. Special attention is given to drive cycles and the unique requirements that impact military hybrid vehicle design. Current state of military hybrid vehicle development
Denise M. Kramer; Gordon G. Parker
International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 369 - 387
Hybrid vehicles are common in the marketplace for passenger cars and commercial applications such as delivery trucks and transit busses. One of the biggest justifications for hybrids is their fuel efficiency. With fuel costs as high as $100 per litre in the battle field it is remarkable that there are no deployed hybrid military vehicles. This is not due to a lack of investment in research and development, since much work has been done. The goal of this survey paper is to summarise past research in both the commercial and government sectors towards achieving a military hybrid vehicle and provide recommendations for a path forward. Special attention is given to drive cycles and the unique requirements that impact military hybrid vehicle design.

]]> 10.1504/IJEHV.2011.044373 International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2011) pp. 369 - 387 Denise M. Kramer; Gordon G. Parker US Army TARDEC, RDTA-RS, MS-159, 6501 East 11 Mile Road, Warren, Michigan 48397-0001, USA. ' Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 815 R.L. Smith Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA hybrid electric vehicles HEVs hybrid military vehicles drive cycles vehicle design. 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00 3 4 369 387 2011-12-22T23:20:50-05:00