Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Nickell Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Nickell Author-Name: Agnieszka Chwialkowska Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka Author-X-Name-Last: Chwialkowska Author-Name: Minna Rollins Author-X-Name-First: Minna Author-X-Name-Last: Rollins Author-Name: Cheryl O'Meara Brown Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl O'Meara Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Investing in reverse logistics: an explorative multi-industry study Abstract: Reverse logistics, the movement of goods from consumers back to the vendors, is now a critical part of a sustainable logistics model. Many multinational firms headquartered in the USA have embraced reverse logistics not only because of government legislation but also due to cost benefits, customer pressures, and stakeholders' environmental concerns and expectations. Yet, reverse logistics might not be a viable solution for all companies. This exploratory study identifies specific asset category characteristics in which reverse logistics is viable. Interviews with executives from nine industries were conducted. The study captures four attributes that international companies must consider before investing in reverse logistics. The findings of this study will help international corporations and exporters decide whether to invest in reverse logistics as a means of reducing their importing and exporting costs and boosting exporter's performance on international markets. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 4-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: reverse logistics; sustainable business model; recycling; reusable product; repurposed product; remanufactured product; product packaging; sustainability; multi-industry qualitative study; closed-loop supply chains; qualitative study. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:1:p:4-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Yaw Kusi Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Yaw Author-X-Name-Last: Kusi Title: Digital infrastructure adoption and brand development of internationalising SMEs: decision-making logic and desire for change Abstract: Digital marketing has received much academic attention but barely studies have neglected digital infrastructure as a branding strategy of young internationalising firms. Further decision-making of the entrepreneur concerning branding is neglected. Through a conceptual framework and propositions, we contribute to the new field of digital entrepreneurship, branding and general entrepreneurship literature. We display that entrepreneurial digital branding, that is entrepreneurs' branding strategies are evident in their decision-making which triggers the brand's fundamental principles and consequently shapes the entire branding activities. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 19-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: desire to change; digital infrastructure adoption; effectuation logic; internationalising SMEs branding. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:1:p:19-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Ayebale Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Ayebale Title: Export learning advantages through supplying multinational enterprises in emerging markets: a conceptual model Abstract: Previous research and available international trade data indicate that supplying multinational enterprises (MNEs) forms an important avenue for emerging markets increased involvement in export markets especially those previously dominated by MNEs. However, little is known at firm level how these forms of inter-firm transactions translate into export learning advantages for emerging market firms (EMFs) that are new to international business. Building on the relational embeddedness framework, RBV and dynamic capability framework, this paper presents a conceptual model of export learning advantages of EMFs supplying MNEs. It is argued that the duration of the supplying relationship in these inter-firm exchanges as well as the level multiplexity of these ties would more likely facilitate than inhibit export learning advantages for the less internationally experienced EMFs when they possess differentiation competences as opposed to low-cost competences. Similarly, high levels of absorptive capacity are observed as critical for the less internationally experienced EMFs supplying MNEs to effectively identify, capture and sustain export opportunities beyond the initial supplying requirements of the focal MNE customer(s). Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 39-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: learning; emerging markets; internationalisation; supplying MNEs; export competitiveness. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113955 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:1:p:39-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tõnis Mets Author-X-Name-First: Tõnis Author-X-Name-Last: Mets Title: The entrepreneurial journey of a global start-up: the case of the open innovation platform GrabCAD Abstract: Understanding the entrepreneurial journey has become essential for both start-up entrepreneurs and policymakers within the ecosystem of technology start-ups, functioning as engines of growth in new economies and exports. Often, they are born global (BG) high technology small firms (HTSFs). The entrepreneurial journey, often used as a metaphor in the literature on entrepreneurship, has been subject to attempts to define it theoretically as a research concept, even though there are practically no empirical approaches. This paper aims to overcome the gap in disclosing the entrepreneurial journey and seeks to shape the features of a hi-tech start-up reaching global open innovation (OI) platform, based on the example of GrabCAD. This entails, based on this particular case study of finding proof of theoretical journey patterns, as well as analysing aspects that have not yet been addressed. An analysis of the GrabCAD case demonstrates the importance of the combination of different actors and features shaping the entrepreneurial journey. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 55-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurial journey; entrepreneurial process; stage model; start-up; born global; open innovation; engineering platform; high technology small firm; pattern match; entrepreneurial ecosystem. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:1:p:55-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreea Bujac Author-X-Name-First: Andreea Author-X-Name-Last: Bujac Author-Name: Thomas Schøtt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Schøtt Title: The impact of international networking and co-marketing alliances on export performance: a global perspective Abstract: The study aims at theoretically developing and empirically testing a model for how exporting is embedded in international networking around the entrepreneur and co-marketing alliances. The sample consists of 58,161 entrepreneurs in 76 countries, which have been surveyed through the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The analysis of the data is done through hierarchical linear models. The results show that both networking and co-marketing alliances are promoting the export intensity of the firm. Furthermore, attributes of the firms and entrepreneurs shape the interpersonal networking and the inter-organisational relations. These findings contribute to the extant literature, such as that networking impacts export performance and that co-marketing alliances are a significant factor to take into consideration in future exporting endeavours. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 72-88 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: international networking; co-marketing alliances; entrepreneurs; export. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113957 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:1:p:72-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaikh Golam Rakib Author-X-Name-First: Shaikh Golam Author-X-Name-Last: Rakib Author-Name: Imtiaz Masroor Author-X-Name-First: Imtiaz Author-X-Name-Last: Masroor Author-Name: Md. Noor Un Nabi Author-X-Name-First: Md. Noor Un Author-X-Name-Last: Nabi Author-Name: Md. Nur Alam Author-X-Name-First: Md. Nur Author-X-Name-Last: Alam Title: Does institutional void affect the development of entrepreneurial ecosystem in an emerging economy? Abstract: External environment of a firm, which can also be termed as an entrepreneurial ecosystem, may help the firm by ensuring cohesiveness among a regional community of entrepreneurs. But this cohesiveness, sometimes, becomes impossible because of the presence of the institutional void. This paper has taken an endeavour to explore the influence of institutional void on the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. In doing so, it has considered the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in general and four of its sub-dimensions. The study is based on primary data collected from 107 IT entrepreneurs of Bangladesh. The outcomes of this paper demonstrate that the institutional void influences the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Out of the five hypotheses developed in this study, four is accepted which is found to be influenced by institutional void, and 'connectivity' is found to be not influenced by institutional void. The findings of this paper have added a new dimension in the train of thought concerning the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 92-110 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurial ecosystem; institutional void; partial least square; PLS; entrepreneurship; institutional environments; emerging economy. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:2:p:92-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Md. Fahmidul Hoque Author-X-Name-First: Md. Fahmidul Author-X-Name-Last: Hoque Author-Name: Adhora Zaman Author-X-Name-First: Adhora Author-X-Name-Last: Zaman Author-Name: Tarun Kanti Bose Author-X-Name-First: Tarun Kanti Author-X-Name-Last: Bose Title: Why exporting is still the main international business mode from emerging economies? Evidence from institutional perspectives on the exporting RMG sector of Bangladesh Abstract: This study was aimed at evaluating why exporting is still the main mode of international business from emerging economies through investigating the impact of institutional forces. Data were collected from ready-made garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh. Elements of regulatory, cognitive and normative dimensions of institutions were developed based on Richard W. Scott's institutional dimensions. This study has found that international firms from emerging economies opted for exporting as a mode of international business mainly because of the institutional voids in regulatory dimension. Complexities in regulations and bureaucracies have been identified as major influencing factors. Institutional voids resulting from cultural-cognitive and normative dimensions pose lesser effect in choosing international business modes of exporting. This research has made some apparent contribution to the institutional theory. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 178-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: institutional theory; institutional voids; international business mode; exporting; Bangladesh. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115287 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:2:p:178-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Desislava Budeva Author-X-Name-First: Desislava Author-X-Name-Last: Budeva Author-Name: Gladys Torres-Baumgarten Author-X-Name-First: Gladys Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Baumgarten Title: The effect of institutional distance on international market selection: comparing export to foreign direct investment Abstract: The goal of the current paper is to investigate the effect of institutional distance on market expansion. We specifically focus on two dependent variables, export and foreign direct investments (FDIs) from the USA. The research uses a cross-sectional time-series analysis to test the influence of institutional factors on exports and FDI. Dimensions of the institutional environment have an effect on export and FDI activity between two countries. The regulative, normative, and cultural dimensions of the institutional environment vary in importance across the two modes of entry. Of the three, culture turns out to be the most significant. Our framework allows companies to classify markets with regards to these macro variables and then investigate international expansion opportunities. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 127-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: exports; foreign direct investment; FDI; institutional theory; market selection. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:2:p:127-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R.K. Srivastava Author-X-Name-First: R.K. Author-X-Name-Last: Srivastava Author-Name: Paul Manimoy Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Manimoy Author-Name: Sandeep Bhanot Author-X-Name-First: Sandeep Author-X-Name-Last: Bhanot Title: Will perception of customers of McDonald's fast food restaurant be different in India and USA? - A comparative study between the two countries' culture Abstract: The purpose of the research is to find out about the perception level among US and Indian customers based on awareness, popularity, value for money, amenities, services, and lifestyles moderated by demographic about McDonald's - a global fast food restaurant in two distinct cultures. The study has been conducted, where primary data has been collected by means of interview method through the intercept technique in India, and in the USA through interviews after taking permission. There is a significant difference between Indian customers and US customers about perception of value for money, amenities, lifestyle, service, and classiness of a global fast food restaurant - McDonald's. An application of two theories, consumer culture theory and social exchange theory gave an insight to the customer perception towards, a global brand-McDonald's. It also developed a combination of two theories in to a new theory - CCSET, to explain the difference between two consumers, which is a take away from this study as during the last decade. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 150-177 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: perception; country culture; fast food restaurants; McDonald restaurants; brand communication; consumer culture theory; CCT; social exchange theory; SET. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115289 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:2:p:150-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per Engelseth Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Engelseth Author-Name: Richard Glavee-Geo Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Glavee-Geo Title: Framing sustainable exports in theory and practice Abstract: Increasingly exporters need to take into consideration sustainable exports. This paper is an academic exercise that seeks to develop an analytical framework to demonstrate sustainable exports as a market embedded inter-organisational function. Influences of this investigation include institutional economics and sociology. The developed framework guides investigation of three published cases of exporting behaviour. Here we re-tell the narratives following this alternative framework. New insight on each case includes considerations of sustainability as well as exporting as an emergent exchange process. This framework also gives guidance for a new research agenda on the topic of sustainable export. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 111-126 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: sustainable exports; framing; overflowing; exchange economy; integration; interdependency. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115291 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:2:p:111-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adhora Zaman Author-X-Name-First: Adhora Author-X-Name-Last: Zaman Author-Name: Md. Fahmidul Hoque Author-X-Name-First: Md. Fahmidul Author-X-Name-Last: Hoque Author-Name: Tarun Kanti Bose Author-X-Name-First: Tarun Kanti Author-X-Name-Last: Bose Title: Theoretical evidences of the creation of born global exporting entrepreneurs: insights from the entrepreneurship theories Abstract: This study sought to identify the factors creating born global exporting entrepreneurs in emerging countries in the form of Bangladesh from the lens of entrepreneurship theories. Three theories have been identified which are trait, contingency and environmental approach theory that generate entrepreneurial factors. The outcome revealed the role of trait, contingency and environmental factors in creating born global exporting entrepreneurs and identified ten factors that have evidence in creating born global exporters. This current study has made contributions to the existing entrepreneurship theories by evaluating the factors that create born global exporting entrepreneurs. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 229-259 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: born global; exporter; entrepreneur; entrepreneurship theory; emerging economy. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:3:p:229-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agnieszka Chwialkowska Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka Author-X-Name-Last: Chwialkowska Title: The extent of students' cultural immersion during study abroad programs: implications for cross-cultural learning Abstract: While travel broadens the mind, not every study abroad program is planned in a way that helps increase students' cross-cultural competence. Study abroad programs can involve immersion in the local community, lectures at host institutions, and company visits, but some are reduced to organised sightseeing trips. They also vary in length (one-week-long <i>intensive international programs</i> vs. year-long <i>exchange study programs</i>). Based on the insights from nearly 100 participating students and staff working at international offices, this research aims to identify components of study abroad programs that help increase cross-cultural competence and prepare internationally-minded graduates. The data was collected through interviews and personal essays. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 282-305 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: study abroad programs; intensive international program; exchange study program; intercultural competence; cross-cultural skills. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:3:p:282-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lamia Ben Hamida Author-X-Name-First: Lamia Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Hamida Author-Name: Patrick Ischer Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Ischer Author-Name: Stefanie Hasler Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: Hasler Title: Foreign implementation strategies: the case of Swiss manufacturing MNCs Abstract: The desire to increase exports may lead some firms to acquire subsidiaries abroad. In doing so, they become multinationals that can rely on the knowledge, distribution networks, etc. of their sisters in order to more easily overcome certain legal, economic or cultural barriers. Using a qualitative approach based on interviews with representatives of manufacturing multinationals based mainly in French-speaking part of Switzerland, this paper shows that the process of implementation abroad is systematically evolving. This presence outside national borders is first made possible by intermediaries, whether they are distributors or agents. Once market entry is consolidated, firms invest abroad, either by building a production site or by acquiring a distribution subsidiary. In addition, contacts with other firms can enhance knowledge sharing and strengthen firm export performance. Finally, a dynamic ecosystem exists, in which, large firms can also share their networks with smaller ones as long as both design complementary products. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 260-281 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: export strategies; multinational companies; MNCs; knowledge transfer; knowledge absorption; agents. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:3:p:260-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valeska V. Geldres-Weiss Author-X-Name-First: Valeska V. Author-X-Name-Last: Geldres-Weiss Author-Name: Natalia B. Arcos-Pino Author-X-Name-First: Natalia B. Author-X-Name-Last: Arcos-Pino Author-Name: Skania L. Geldres-Weiss Author-X-Name-First: Skania L. Author-X-Name-Last: Geldres-Weiss Author-Name: Pedro E. Guerrero-Stuardo Author-X-Name-First: Pedro E. Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero-Stuardo Title: Destination country and export performance of agri-food products during the COVID-19 crisis Abstract: In the context of markets with uncertainty, we use the stakeholder theory to explain the role and importance of destination country in the export arena. We analysed six cross-sectional Chilean case studies on exported agri-food products in three categories (fresh, frozen, and processed). Using quantitative and qualitative data, destination countries and export performance were analysed, comparing 2020 (during the COVID-19 crisis) with the previous year. Our results show that exported agri-food products maintained their main destination countries, and maintained or increased the number of destination countries. The analysis of export performance shows that export performance varies depending on both the kind of product and the category to which it belongs. The role of trade agreements confirmed the destination country as a primary stakeholder. This study thus contributes to the stakeholder theory and literature on export performance, considering the destination country as a primary stakeholder in exporting firms. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 208-228 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: export performance; destination country; exports; stakeholder theory; agri-food products; COVID-19; developing country; Chile. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:3:p:208-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saara Julkunen Author-X-Name-First: Saara Author-X-Name-Last: Julkunen Author-Name: Markus Mättö Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Mättö Author-Name: Mervi Niskanen Author-X-Name-First: Mervi Author-X-Name-Last: Niskanen Author-Name: Max Niskanen Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Niskanen Title: Can exporting SMEs benefit from extending longer payment periods? Abstract: This study investigates whether a connection exists between extending trade credit and firm performance after controlling for the degree of internationalisation, when measured by the scope of exporting activities in a sample of Finnish SMEs. While previous studies extensively explored the connections between performance and trade credit, as well as performance and internationalisation, to our knowledge, this is the first study to examine their combined effect. Our main results imply that, while domestic firms have a negative relationship between trade receivables and profitability, exporting firms benefit from longer collection periods. Moreover, when examined separately, there is a negative connection between extending trade credit and firm performance, as well as between internationalisation and firm performance. We contribute to previous literature by suggesting that previously observed results between trade credit and firm performance may be driven by the export activities patterns of sample firms. The results imply that, contrary to expectations, exporting firms benefit from longer outstanding sales periods. Journal: Int. J. of Export Marketing Pages: 306-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 2021 Keywords: trade credit; terms of trade; days sales outstanding; DSO; exporting firms; export sales; internationalisation; performance; profitability; small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijexpo:v:4:y:2021:i:3:p:306-323