Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcel Bogers Author-X-Name-First: Marcel Author-X-Name-Last: Bogers Title: Innovating by doing: promoting on-the-job experimentation through a climate for innovation Abstract: Firms' innovation performance and productivity depend on engaging the entire organisation in the innovation process. Going beyond the typical focus on R%D, the focus of this article is on engaging those employees who are active in 'productive' activities in innovation. This article explores how a firm can create an environment in which those employees can build on their local needs and knowledge to learn and innovate through a process of experimentation and problem solving during 'on-the-job' activities. I draw on innovation, creativity and organisational climate research to explore the determinants and effects of such innovative behaviour. I develop a theoretical framework of how organisational practices affect employees' willingness and ability to experiment - a behavioural integral to innovation. I furthermore argue that the relationship between such 'climate for innovation' and the ultimate performance is inverse U-shaped. The framework implies that managers can turn the entire organisation into an innovation lab but they need to balance the tension between productive and innovative practices. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 362-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: corporate entrepreneurship; user firm; experimentation; innovation; intrapreneurship; learning; organisational climate; performance; production floor; productivity. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:3:p:362-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nizar Abdelkafi Author-X-Name-First: Nizar Author-X-Name-Last: Abdelkafi Author-Name: Erik G. Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Erik G. Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Title: Ecopreneurs' creation of user business models for green tech: an exploratory study in e-mobility Abstract: This paper examines ecopreneurship in established ventures that serve as early adopters of radical environmental technologies through so-called user business model innovation. Renewable e-mobility is identified as an appropriate application. The research methodology consists of two steps: a document analysis for developing a typology of ecopreneurs with user business models, and an in-depth case study analysis. We identify four patterns of entrepreneurial user business models in e-mobility: predominantly simple use, complementary business, feedback to core business, and additional business. We also explore the transformation path of the case company, which starts with simple use and then moves to the feedback to core business pattern. By drawing on insights from lead user theory in innovation management and sustainable entrepreneurship, we ground the new concept in extant literature and develop propositions. These propositions uncover some properties of ecopreneurs, the diffusion of environmental technologies, and industry transformations due to user business models. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 32-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: ecopreneurship; user business models; business model patterns; electric mobility; e-mobility; environmental technology; sustainability; transformation path; lead user theory; diffusion. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:1:p:32-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petra Dickel Author-X-Name-First: Petra Author-X-Name-Last: Dickel Title: Exploring the role of entrepreneurial orientation in clean technology ventures Abstract: While the positive impact of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance is broadly acknowledged, it is uncertain whether this effect also holds for sustainable performance indicators. This paper explores the moderating effects of environmental mission, stakeholder influence and firm age on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and environmental performance and contrasts this with the effects on business performance. Data from 150 clean technology ventures supports that entrepreneurial orientation increases environmental performance. The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on environmental performance is significantly higher in the context of a strong environmental mission and strong stakeholder influence. While no significant interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and firm age exists with regard to environmental performance, this study finds that the younger the firm, the higher the leverage that entrepreneurial orientation has on its business performance. The results offer important insights on the role of entrepreneurial orientation in sustainable business contexts. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 56-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: entrepreneurship; sustainability; sustainable entrepreneurship; environmental entrepreneurship; ecopreneurship; entrepreneurial orientation; clean technology; environmental performance. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:1:p:56-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey G. York Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey G. Author-X-Name-Last: York Title: It's getting better all the time (can't get no worse): the why, how and when of environmental entrepreneurship Abstract: In this essay, I discuss the current boundaries and potential promise of environmental entrepreneurship research. I argue that environmental entrepreneurship provides a unique lens to study how to effectively address human-induced climate change. However, for such studies to be effective, we need to understand: 1) why some individuals choose to pursue environmental entrepreneurship; 2) how organisations pursue integrated economic and ecological goals; 3) when does such action have a significant impact. I propose these three questions provide an agenda for understanding the simultaneous pursuit of economic and ecological benefits through the creation of new products, services, and markets. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 17-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: environmental entrepreneurship; climate change; sustainable entrepreneurship; sustainability; global warming. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90981 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:1:p:17-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Hörisch Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Hörisch Title: 'Think big' or 'small is beautiful'? An empirical analysis of characteristics and determinants of success of sustainable crowdfunding projects Abstract: This paper deals with crowdfunding for sustainable ventures. It uses an empirical dataset gained from the two largest sustainability-oriented crowdfunding platforms in Germany. In a first step, common characteristics of sustainable crowdfunding projects are identified and categorised based on an established framework for classifying sustainable entrepreneurship. In a second step, linear and logistic regression models are used to analyse the drivers of financial and marketing success of sustainable crowdfunding projects. The analysis reveals that only few ecopreneurial, growth-oriented ventures can be found among sustainable crowdfunding projects and shows that those projects which do not aim at high levels of market impact and growth are more likely to reach their funding targets. Based on the results, recommendations for sustainable entrepreneurs who intend to make use of crowdfunding are formulated and the potential contribution of crowdfunding to sustainability transitions is discussed. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 111-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: crowdfunding; sustainable entrepreneurship; ecopreneurship; sustainability transitions; crowdfunding success; determinants; characteristics; sustainability; entrepreneurial venturing; entrepreneurship. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90982 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:1:p:111-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Irina Tiemann Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Tiemann Author-Name: Klaus Fichter Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Fichter Author-Name: Joerg Geier Author-X-Name-First: Joerg Author-X-Name-Last: Geier Title: University support systems for sustainable entrepreneurship: insights from explorative case studies Abstract: In recent years public policy has increasingly recognised the importance of entrepreneurship for sustainable economic growth and solving fundamental challenges such as climate change. It is emphasised that universities should play an important role in supporting sustainable entrepreneurship by sensitising and educating future sustainable entrepreneurs. Up till now there has hardly been any research on university support systems for sustainable entrepreneurship. We address this research gap with a qualitative multi-case study of four universities in the USA and Germany, based on 41 good practice examples. Using an open innovation concept, we developed a conceptual framework that is based on an interactive paradigm and allows comprehensive support systems analysis. We identified top-down, bottom-up and combined implementation strategies as well as integrative and additive approaches. The framework is suitable for empirical investigations and supports future research. Our results demonstrate the importance of the institutional framing of support activities and indicate that, in comparison with other elements of the university support system, research on sustainable entrepreneurship is lagging behind. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 83-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: sustainable entrepreneurship; university support systems; good practice cases; entrepreneurial universities; sustainable universities. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90983 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:1:p:83-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Schaltegger Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Schaltegger Author-Name: Markus Beckmann Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Beckmann Author-Name: Kai Hockerts Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Hockerts Title: Sustainable entrepreneurship: creating environmental solutions in light of planetary boundaries Abstract: This article discusses sustainable entrepreneurship in light of planetary boundaries and related aims to contribute to managing for and in a safe operating space for humanity. The rapidly developing research area of environmental, social and sustainable entrepreneurship has flourished for the last two decades and improved our understanding of the phenomenon. However, while a contribution to sustainable development is often stated in general terms or implied, most of the sustainable entrepreneurship literature focuses on classifications, motivations, processes and specific outcomes without explicit links to how planetary boundaries are addressed. This paper discusses links between sustainable entrepreneurship and the planetary boundaries concept by addressing both perspectives: how can the concept of planetary boundaries provide perspectives for designing and assessing sustainable entrepreneurship? And how can sustainable entrepreneurship contribute effectively to an economy and society operating in a safe operating space for humanity? Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: sustainable entrepreneurship; environmental solutions; planetary boundaries; ecopreneurship; environmental entrepreneurship; safe operating space; transition; sustainability transformation; corporate sustainability. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:1:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Heimann-Roppelt Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Heimann-Roppelt Author-Name: Silke Tegtmeier Author-X-Name-First: Silke Author-X-Name-Last: Tegtmeier Title: Sequence analysis in entrepreneurship research: business founders' life courses and early-stage firm survival Abstract: This paper introduces the method of sequence analysis in entrepreneurship research. Informed by life course theory, we argue that depending on duration and timing, human capital can depreciate during work interruptions (such as unemployment or parental leave) but also be restored by re-entering and staying in the job market. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we analyse the educational and occupational life courses of individuals who have started a business. We investigate whether there are patterns in the biographies of these individuals. Exploratory analysis reveals that seven types of founders can be differentiated. In this sample, cluster 1 appeared to be most successful in terms of early-stage firm survival. Sequence analysis has proved to be a valuable method to improve the efficiency of research on the life courses of business founders. This study invites future research to take a deeper look at life-course-based factors of business activity and success. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 333-361 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: sequence analysis; entrepreneurship; start-ups; self-employment; entry; human capital; life course theory; early-stage firm survival; GSOEP; patterns; biographies; career paths; cluster analysis; optimal matching technique; OMT. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:3:p:333-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Schaltegger Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Schaltegger Author-Name: Markus Beckmann Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Beckmann Author-Name: Kai Hockerts Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Hockerts Title: Collaborative entrepreneurship for sustainability. Creating solutions in light of the UN sustainable development goals Abstract: Sustainable entrepreneurship is seen as a promising approach aiming to solve complex social, environmental, and economic problems with innovative solutions. Whilst the concept of collaboration provides an important conceptual overlap between the entrepreneurship and sustainability literatures, it has so far received little attention in sustainable entrepreneurship research. The purpose of this article is to explore links between collaborative entrepreneurship and sustainable development. Sustainability challenges increase the importance for entrepreneurial collaboration in three ways: first, for cross-actor participation within entrepreneurial processes; second, for coordinating across sustainability issues and between entrepreneurial solutions; and third, for cross-sector cooperation between different forms of entrepreneurship such as social entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship, and policy entrepreneurship. We show how understanding this link between collaborative entrepreneurship and sustainable development sheds new light on both entrepreneurship theory and practice as well as sustainability research. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 131-152 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: sustainable entrepreneurship; sustainable development goals; UN SDGs; collaborative entrepreneurship; sustainable development; environmental entrepreneurship; social entrepreneurship; policy entrepreneurship; United Nations. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=92709 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:131-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Mintrom Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mintrom Author-Name: Madeline Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Madeline Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: Policy entrepreneurs and collaborative action: pursuit of the sustainable development goals Abstract: Entrepreneurs use their access to information and strategic savvy to develop and bring new products and services to market. Often, their actions catalyse whole new forms of economic and social activity. Such entrepreneurship is not restricted to the marketplace. Over recent decades, social scientists have studied the practices of actors in and around government who have been described, among other things, as policy entrepreneurs or institutional entrepreneurs. Attention has also been given to social entrepreneurs, who use knowledge of business practices to advance solutions to major social problems. We consider here how policy entrepreneurs engage in collaborative action to promote broad societal changes, focusing on pursuit of the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs). We review entrepreneurial action across institutional settings. We then discuss how policy entrepreneurs can catalyse change processes to achieve the SDGs. After presenting an illustrative case, we propose directions for future research. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 153-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: collaboration; international development; entrepreneurs; policy entrepreneurs; institutions; organisations; sustainable development goals; SDGs. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=92710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:153-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathrin Bischoff Author-X-Name-First: Kathrin Author-X-Name-Last: Bischoff Author-Name: Christine K. Volkmann Author-X-Name-First: Christine K. Author-X-Name-Last: Volkmann Title: Stakeholder support for sustainable entrepreneurship - a framework of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems Abstract: Past studies in the field of sustainable entrepreneurship have highlighted the need for future research to examine how a supportive external environment for sustainable entrepreneurship can be created. In order to address this research gap, this paper analyses the role of stakeholder support for developing sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems. This paper is based on a systematic literature review of the fields of sustainable entrepreneurship, stakeholder management and entrepreneurial ecosystems. The findings highlight the importance of extensive, tailored and collaborative stakeholder support for encouraging engagement in sustainable entrepreneurship and for creating strong sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems. This paper offers three main contributions. First, it opens a new conversation by merging three largely separate research fields to advance an understanding of the concept of a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem. Second, a framework of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems is established. Third, it puts forward a set of propositions concerning the development of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems. This paper concludes with theoretical and practical implications and suggestions for further research. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 172-201 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: sustainable entrepreneurship; sustainability; entrepreneurship; stakeholder support; stakeholder collaboration; entrepreneurial ecosystem; sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=92714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:172-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henning Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Henning Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Author-Name: Klaus Fichter Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Fichter Author-Name: Florian Lüdeke-Freund Author-X-Name-First: Florian Author-X-Name-Last: Lüdeke-Freund Author-Name: Irina Tiemann Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Tiemann Title: Sustainability-oriented business model development: principles, criteria and tools Abstract: A shared understanding of the basic requirements for modelling sustainability-oriented business is currently missing. This is hindering collaboration, exchange and learning about sustainability-oriented business models as well as the development of suitable and widely-accepted modelling tools. We contribute toward such a shared understanding based on a theoretical discussion of boundary-spanning and interactive business model development for sustainable value creation. The theoretical discussion feeds into a comparative analysis of the six currently available practitioner tools supporting the exploration and elaboration of sustainability-oriented business models. By synthesising findings from theory and available tools, we define four guiding principles (sustainability-orientation, extended value creation, systemic thinking and stakeholder integration) and four process-related criteria (reframing business model components, context-sensitive modelling, collaborative modelling, managing impacts and outcomes) for the development of sustainability-oriented business models. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 256-286 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: corporate sustainability; business model; business model development; business model tool; value creation; innovation; innovation management; sustainable entrepreneurship; activity system; interaction economics; stakeholder; stakeholder integration; start-up; corporate venturing; impact management. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=92715 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:256-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna B. Spiegler Author-X-Name-First: Anna B. Author-X-Name-Last: Spiegler Author-Name: Jantje Halberstadt Author-X-Name-First: Jantje Author-X-Name-Last: Halberstadt Title: SHEstainability: how relationship networks influence the idea generation in opportunity recognition process by female social entrepreneurs Abstract: Despite the rapid growth of literature on social entrepreneurship and its increasing importance for social change and sustainability, little is known about how social entrepreneurship originates in different settings. In this study, we applied a gender-based perspective to analyse the origin and development of social entrepreneurship. Focusing on female social entrepreneurs in Namibia, we investigated how relationship networks sensitised women towards opportunities for social and sustainable innovations and who particularly influenced them during this process of idea generation and realisation. Using a mixed-method approach consisting of semi-structured interviews and egocentric network analysis, we identified an opportunity recognition process that differs from that of conventional ventures. Our results show that social innovation is not, e.g., due to gate-keepers but rather a result of everyday community interaction settings. This finding challenges current theories of (social) entrepreneurship, suggesting a need to further investigate the roles of gender and the socio-economic context. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 202-235 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: social entrepreneurship; female entrepreneurship; social networks; sustainability; social innovations; opportunity recognition; egocentric network analysis; Namibia. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=92716 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:202-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Jasniak Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Jasniak Author-Name: Tatiana Ermakova Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Ermakova Author-Name: Ronny Baierl Author-X-Name-First: Ronny Author-X-Name-Last: Baierl Author-Name: Jantje Halberstadt Author-X-Name-First: Jantje Author-X-Name-Last: Halberstadt Title: What drives social entrepreneurial appraisal among hearing-impaired individuals? Abstract: Involvement of disadvantaged individuals into entrepreneurship facilitates their social integration into mainstream societies. The present study addresses the drivers of social entrepreneurial appraisal among hearing-impaired individuals within a unique social minority environment. In prior research, social appraisal was empirically shown to determine social entrepreneurial intention. Adopting the theory of planned behaviour, this study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, general social support and perceived barriers on social entrepreneurial appraisal. Based on a survey with 221 respondents, our results demonstrate that social entrepreneurial appraisal of hearing-impaired individuals result from their entrepreneurial self-efficacy and general social support. In terms of taking advantage of social opportunities, importance should be given to the role of entrepreneurial education and heterogeneous networks across minorities. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 236-255 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: social entrepreneurial appraisal; social entrepreneurship; social minority entrepreneurship; hearing-impaired individuals; disabled minority sample. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=92734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:2:p:236-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey Overall Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Overall Author-Name: Steven A. Gedeon Author-X-Name-First: Steven A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gedeon Author-Name: Dave Valliere Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Valliere Title: What can universities do to promote entrepreneurial intent? An empirical investigation Abstract: Our university has promoted entrepreneurship extensively through networking events, business plan competitions, funding sources, degree programs, and on-campus incubators. But do these efforts work? We integrate and extend intentions-based models and the psychosocial cognitive model to develop a model of entrepreneurial intent and behaviour. We test our theory using partial least squares structural equation modelling on survey data collected from 334 undergraduate business students in Canada. We find that the belief constructs, namely: subjective norms toward entrepreneurship, prevalence of entrepreneurship on social milieu, and goal-orientation are found to positively influence the attitude constructs of the: 1) desirability of an entrepreneurial career; 2) perceived feasibility of an entrepreneurial career. These attitudes, in turn, positively impact entrepreneurial intent, which subsequently positively influences entrepreneurial behaviour. We, thus, found support for the hypotheses that university support for these psychosocial influences has a positive effect on student entrepreneurial intent and behaviour. Practical implications are discussed and future directions are suggested. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 312-332 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial behaviour; entrepreneurial intent; marketing; psychosocial cognitive model; PCM; subjective norms; university support. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:3:p:312-332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jochen Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Jochen Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Author-Name: Sven Heidenreich Author-X-Name-First: Sven Author-X-Name-Last: Heidenreich Title: The role of human capital for entrepreneurial decision-making - investigating experience, skills and knowledge as antecedents to effectuation and causation Abstract: Experts in entrepreneurship apply effectuation rather than causation as entrepreneurial approach in corporate ventures. While previous research suggests that entrepreneurial experiences determine this effect, it is unclear how different types of such experiences and other elements of human capital influence entrepreneurial decision-making. Hence, this study differentiates experience in start-ups and corporate entrepreneurship to empirically evaluate their individual effects alongside with entrepreneurial skills and knowledge on 212 German general managers' behavioural intentions to apply effectuation or causation. Results from structural equation modelling (SEM) indicate that corporate entrepreneurship experiences foster causation and oppress effectuation while start-up experiences drive the application of both entrepreneurial behaviours the other way around. Furthermore, entrepreneurial skills facilitate the use of prior knowledge through an effectual approach. This emphasises that the way how employees develop ideas into practice relates to multiple facets of human capital and thus to more than entrepreneurial experiences, as it has been long suggested by previous studies. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 287-311 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: entrepreneurial decision-making; effectuation; causation; human capital; HC; corporate entrepreneurship. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:3:p:287-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sylvia Hubner Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia Author-X-Name-Last: Hubner Author-Name: Matthias Baum Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Baum Title: Effectuation, entrepreneurs' leadership behaviour, and employee outcomes: a conceptual model Abstract: This study develops a conceptual framework for explaining how effectual and causal logics influence entrepreneurs' leadership behaviour and how that, in turn, impacts employee individual-level outcomes (commitment, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and creativity) and performance outcomes (employee work performance and firm performance). We propose that employees' commitment and motivation develop via distinct paths when entrepreneurs apply causal or effectual logics. We furthermore theorise that employees' creativity is facilitated by effectuation, but hindered by causation. These differences might explain firm internal consequences of applying effectuation as a decision logic. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 383-411 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: employee outcomes; effectuation; entrepreneurial firms; leadership; HRM. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93917 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:4:p:383-411 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Laura Frigotto Author-X-Name-First: Maria Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Frigotto Author-Name: Nives Della Valle Author-X-Name-First: Nives Della Author-X-Name-Last: Valle Title: Gender and the structuring of the entrepreneurial venture: an effectuation approach Abstract: This study adds to the entrepreneurship literature by addressing the role of gender in entrepreneurial decisions. We adopt effectuation as an alternative framework and method to the typical experimental laboratory methods and investigate whether the contrasting evidence on the gender-entrepreneurial decision relationship is due to the methodological and conceptual limits of the traditional models of decision making. We find that men rely on the effectuation framework more than women and that diverse stored information mediates gender differences in adopting effectual criteria. We do not find that women adopt the effectual 'affordable loss' decisional criterion more than men despite their stronger perception for negative consequences and worst-case scenarios. The study also contributes to the effectuation literature by introducing the use of effectuation as an analytical framework for research on a peculiar category of decisions, i.e., decisions under ignorance. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 412-434 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: venture; gender; entrepreneurship; effectuation; decision making; ignorance; entrepreneurial risk; novice entrepreneurs. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93918 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:4:p:412-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter A. Gloor Author-X-Name-First: Peter A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gloor Author-Name: Stephanie Woerner Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Woerner Author-Name: Detlef Schoder Author-X-Name-First: Detlef Author-X-Name-Last: Schoder Author-Name: Kai Fischbach Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbach Author-Name: Andrea Fronzetti Colladon Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Fronzetti Author-X-Name-Last: Colladon Title: Size does not matter - in the virtual world. Comparing online social networking behaviour with business success of entrepreneurs Abstract: We explore what benefits network position in online business social networks like LinkedIn might confer to an aspiring entrepreneur. We compare two network attributes, size and embeddedness, and two actor attributes, location and diversity, between virtual and real-world networks. The promise of social networks like LinkedIn is that network friends enable easier access to critical resources such as legal and financial services, customers, and business partners. Our setting consists of one million public member profiles of the German business networking site XING (a German version of LinkedIn) from which we extracted the network structure of 15,000 start-up entrepreneurs from 12 large German universities. We find no positive effect of virtual network size and embeddedness, and small positive effects of location and diversity. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 435-455 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: online social networks; network analysis; entrepreneurship; business success. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93919 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:4:p:435-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Strenge Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Strenge Author-Name: Olaf N. Rank Author-X-Name-First: Olaf N. Author-X-Name-Last: Rank Title: Entrepreneurial orientation, network brokerage, and firm performance Abstract: Arguing that entrepreneurial firms will adopt different behavioural strategies than their competitors, we find that firms exhibiting high levels of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) are more likely to obtain brokerage positions in their networks to external partners. Acting as brokers allows entrepreneurial firms to benefit with respect to the acquisition of important resources such as information and knowledge, which ultimately has positive effects on their performance. In other words, network brokerage represents an important strategic behaviour allowing firms to translate their EO into higher performance levels. Using data from 82 high-tech companies, we find that consistent with our theoretical assumption network brokerage partially mediates the EO-performance relationship and hence represents a missing link when studying the performance-related effects of EO. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 456-482 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation; structural holes; brokerage; firm performance; advice networks. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=93920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:4:p:456-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carina B. Friedmann Author-X-Name-First: Carina B. Author-X-Name-Last: Friedmann Author-Name: Ritam Garg Author-X-Name-First: Ritam Author-X-Name-Last: Garg Author-Name: Dirk Holtbrügge Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Holtbrügge Title: CEOs' cultural and demographic attributes and organisational performance of Indian SMEs: an upper echelon approach Abstract: In this study, we examine the impact of organisational scanning (process of collecting information necessary to identify important events and trends impacting organisations) and strategic flexibility capabilities (ability to adapt to substantial, uncertain, environmental changes) of chief executive officers (CEOs) on organisational performance in Indian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Based on upper echelon theory, we argue that cultural and demographic attributes of CEOs moderate this relationship. Our hypotheses are tested against a sample of 341 firms in the Indian auto components and textile industry. The positive influence of CEOs' organisational scanning and strategic flexibility on firm performance is confirmed. Findings reveal a significant moderating influence of uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and functional background. No effect is found for CEOs religiosity and tenure. The implications for the upper echelon theory and managerial practice are discussed. Our results further provide interesting avenues for further research. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 483-512 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: upper echelon theory; India; SMEs; CEO research; organisational behaviour; cultural attributes; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:5:p:483-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elmar Lins Author-X-Name-First: Elmar Author-X-Name-Last: Lins Author-Name: Kaja J. Fietkiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Kaja J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fietkiewicz Author-Name: Eva Lutz Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Lutz Title: Effects of impression management tactics on crowdfunding success Abstract: The aim of our study is to shed light on determinants that convince the crowd to fund a project on a crowdfunding platform. In particular, we examine whether self-promotion through positive language as well as emphasising innovativeness and supplication as impression management tactics drive crowdfunding success. Based on a sample of 221 Kickstarter campaigns and a total of 195,217 words embedded in their project descriptions, we develop and test hypotheses concerning linguistic behaviours affecting the likelihood of fundraising, the number of project backers and the amount raised. We find a nonlinear relation between innovativeness and crowdfunding success, that is, crowdfunders prefer moderate levels of self-promotion through innovativeness. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 534-557 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: Kickstarter; crowdfunding; crowdfunders; entrepreneurship; linguistic behaviour analysis; impression management; impression management strategies. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:5:p:534-557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dorian Proksch Author-X-Name-First: Dorian Author-X-Name-Last: Proksch Author-Name: Wiebke Stranz Author-X-Name-First: Wiebke Author-X-Name-Last: Stranz Author-Name: Andreas Pinkwart Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Pinkwart Title: Risk types and risk assessment in venture capital investments: a content analysis of investors' original documents Abstract: Venture capital is an important resource for new ventures with no access to the capital market. However, venture capital companies' investment decisions could be extremely risky. Assessing and managing risk is therefore a major task of venture capital companies. Despite the topic's high practical relevance, there is very little literature in this field. We aim to extend the academic discussion by investigating the risk types and risk assessment in venture capital investments. We analysed more than 500 deal documents of nine German venture capital companies, resulting in 2,452 qualitative quotes. We categorised these quotes into seven risk types, namely financial, market, strategy, technology, production, human capital, and legal risks, implying their relevance during the VC investment process. Market risk and technology risk are mentioned the most in the due diligence and the decision papers. Financial risk with 710 quotes is the most often documented risk considering all venture capital documents. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 513-533 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: risk; risk assessment; risk management; venture capital; new technology-based firms; new ventures. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:5:p:513-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J. Rapp Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Rapp Author-Name: Marius Haßlinger Author-X-Name-First: Marius Author-X-Name-Last: Haßlinger Author-Name: Michael Olbrich Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Olbrich Title: Investments as key entrepreneurial action: the case of financially distressed target companies Abstract: Recent entrepreneurship research characterises investments as the very essence of entrepreneurship, supplanting the discovery or creation of opportunities. M%A activity must, therefore, be understood as a key entrepreneurial action. Corresponding M%A decisions require a reliable appraisal beforehand. This is particularly true in case of financially distressed target companies, since such transactions include a high level of uncertainty. The recent financial crisis can be characterised as a cause of companies' financial distress. For the appraisal of such financially distressed companies, literature recommends the same methods used for the appraisal of healthy companies. As will be shown, prevalent appraisal methods cause a profound dilemma when applied for the appraisal of financially distressed companies. Consequently, they need to be substituted by a consistent alternative. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to discuss such an alternative method, which can be consistently applied for the entrepreneurial appraisal of financially distressed - or even bankrupt - companies. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 558-580 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: entrepreneurship; investments; financial distress; appraisal; discounted cash flow; DCF; future earnings method; FEM; subjectivism; judgemental decision-making. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:5:p:558-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Roth Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Roth Author-Name: Artak Melkonyan Author-X-Name-First: Artak Author-X-Name-Last: Melkonyan Author-Name: Jari Kaivo-oja Author-X-Name-First: Jari Author-X-Name-Last: Kaivo-oja Author-Name: Birte Manke Author-X-Name-First: Birte Author-X-Name-Last: Manke Author-Name: Léo-Paul Dana Author-X-Name-First: Léo-Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Dana Title: Interfunctional business models: map grid for an uncharted quadrant of the blue ocean Abstract: This article makes a case for the significance that borders have for new venture discovery. Since markets are social phenomena, new venture discoveries necessarily refer to the crossing of social borders. We draw on social systems theory and theories of social differentiation to understand how social borders are drawn. We demonstrate how this knowledge may be used to create and unfold a comprehensive market map that is useful for both the tracking of past and the anticipation of new venture discoveries. We use this map combined with illustrative cases to provide evidence that an entire quadrant of entrepreneurial opportunities is still uncharted in traditional maps for new venture discovery. We conclude that the future of new venture discovery is about the strategic transgression of social borders not only between traditional market segments or strata, but also between the function systems of society such as the political system, economy, science, art, religion, or the mass media system. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 581-595 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: business model innovation; social systems theory; social differentiation; functional differentiation; blue ocean strategy. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94628 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:5:p:581-595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charlott Menke Author-X-Name-First: Charlott Author-X-Name-Last: Menke Title: Unravelling entrepreneurial competencies and their relation to entrepreneurial intent Abstract: This study structures a diverse range of entrepreneurial competencies into five broader and hierarchically aligned entrepreneurial competency clusters (i.e., motives, traits, self-concept, skills and knowledge) and explains their influence on the emergence of entrepreneurial intent. Therefore, a new model is developed combining the established theory of planned behaviour and the iceberg model of competencies. This new competency intent model is then tested on a sample of 105 students. The results of structural equation modelling and mediation analyses indicate that each competency cluster significantly contributes to the emergence of entrepreneurial intent. Furthermore, there is evidence that the influences of some competency clusters are mediated through other higher-level clusters and that the cognitive bias of overestimation is present. Overall, the findings suggest that the new model provides a better understanding of the development of an entrepreneurial intent. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 663-687 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: entrepreneurship; theory of planned behaviour; TPB; entrepreneurial intent; entrepreneurial competencies; entrepreneurial behaviour; empirical analysis; structural equation model; SEM. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:6:p:663-687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lars Kolvereid Author-X-Name-First: Lars Author-X-Name-Last: Kolvereid Author-Name: Oxana Bulanova Author-X-Name-First: Oxana Author-X-Name-Last: Bulanova Author-Name: Espen J. Isaksen Author-X-Name-First: Espen J. Author-X-Name-Last: Isaksen Title: New firm development: identifying dormant, drowsy and active firms Abstract: Using a theoretical framework developed by Song et al. (2008) the present survey uses initial characteristics of the entrepreneur, the opportunity and the resources available to the firm at start-up to predict activity in surviving businesses 12 years after birth. The initial data collection took place in 2002. To measure activity, we categorise businesses based on their membership in government registers from 2002 to 2014, enabling us to distinguish between dormant, drowsy (semi dormant) and active firms. The results indicate that entrepreneurial competence and commitment to the business, the novelty and early exploitation of the opportunity, team start-up as well as the financial resources available at start-up predict activity in the business. The findings have important implications for practitioners and scholars. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 619-637 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: active firms; dormant firms; start-up conditions. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:6:p:619-637 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Clauss Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Clauss Author-Name: Patrick Spieth Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Spieth Author-Name: Tobias Kesting Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Kesting Title: Relational determinants of ambidextrous knowledge sharing in innovation networks of businesses Abstract: Collaboration activities in innovation networks enable actors to gain access to and share specialised knowledge. However, successful knowledge sharing requires specific mechanisms and interventions from managers. To study both the antecedents and effects of sharing ambidextrous knowledge in innovation networks, we conducted a survey among 100 mechanical engineering businesses engaged in such networks. Our results show that interaction supports ambidextrous knowledge sharing (i.e. a combination of exploitative and explorative knowledge sharing), whereas we merely find a significant effect of explorative knowledge sharing on joint innovation generation. In addition, the analysis reveals that interactions mediate the indirect effect of relational norms on exploitative and explorative knowledge sharing. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 597-618 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: knowledge sharing; ambidextrous knowledge sharing; exploitative knowledge sharing; explorative knowledge sharing; interaction; relational norms; joint innovation generation; innovation networks. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:6:p:597-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Corsi Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Corsi Author-Name: Antonio Prencipe Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Prencipe Title: Internal funding, debt and external equity: which of these effectively improve the growth of university spin-offs? Abstract: The paper aims to explore the impact of different financing sources on the growth of university spin-offs (USOs). It hypothesises that both internal finance and debt finance have little to no positive effect on the growth of USOs. Whereas, equity finance is expected to have a stronger positive impact, especially in the form of private equity/venture capital. A panel sample of 621 Italian USOs was investigated over the 2004-2013 period. The results show a small positive impact from internal funding on USOs growth. Debt funding seems to have no impact, while external equity finance has a weak role, even when obtained from venture capital/private equity. The findings provide evidence that the USOs have financial constraints limiting their growth. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurial Venturing Pages: 638-662 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2018 Keywords: university spin-off; USOs; firm growth; internal funding; debt finance; venture capital; private equity. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijeven:v:10:y:2018:i:6:p:638-662