Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryam Cheraghi Author-X-Name-First: Maryam Author-X-Name-Last: Cheraghi Author-Name: Nastaran Simarasl Author-X-Name-First: Nastaran Author-X-Name-Last: Simarasl Title: Age effects on entry into entrepreneurship of the unemployed, employed and self-employed Abstract: Prior research suggests that hybrid entry, becoming an entrepreneur alongside being employed/engaged in another business, is a strategy to reduce the opportunity costs and risks of engaging in entrepreneurship. So far, research has primarily relied on the assumption of homogeneity among hybrid entrepreneurs and that they all incur similar switching costs for entry into entrepreneurship during their lifetime. This paper considers self-employed individuals who engage in creating another business as a new type of hybrid entrepreneurs. We argue that an individual's age affects the switching cost of entry into entrepreneurship in relation to an individual's occupation. We test our proposed framework on a Spanish dataset from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Our findings show that an individual's age and occupation impact the switching costs of entry into entrepreneurship. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 259-281 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: hybrid entrepreneurs; unemployed nascent entrepreneur; portfolio nascent entrepreneur; entrepreneur's age; switching costs; opportunity costs; risk; entrepreneurship entry; small business; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; GEM. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:3:p:259-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nguyen Hoang Tien Author-X-Name-First: Nguyen Hoang Author-X-Name-Last: Tien Title: Vietnamese family business in Vietnam and in Poland: comparative analysis of trends and characteristics Abstract: Enterprise and entrepreneurship are well-known phenomena that have their history of research and development of over 300 years. However, family business and family entrepreneurship are still under-researched subjects in the literature of economics and management in both developed and developing countries. Based on the study of management literature on family business, both in research and in practice, this article is an attempt to construct a theoretical framework to be used in a comparative empirical analysis of family businesses, their familial character in the context of different Vietnamese communities, at home and overseas. As a result of research and analysis, similarities and differences of those family business groups are revealed to draw interesting conclusions and to propose recommendations for business environment and authority to help this specific kind of business activity to prosper and better perform in the future. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 282-299 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: family business; family entrepreneurship; Vietnam; Poland. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:3:p:282-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zahoor Ahmad Paray Author-X-Name-First: Zahoor Ahmad Author-X-Name-Last: Paray Author-Name: Naresh Singla Author-X-Name-First: Naresh Author-X-Name-Last: Singla Title: Exploring state interventions in entrepreneurship development in India: evidence from Jammu and Kashmir Abstract: The Indian Government has been promoting entrepreneurship vehemently from last three decades, institutions were established and programs were launched. Jammu and Kashmir Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (JKEDI) as part of this series of institutions has been working comprehensively in making entrepreneurship a common phenomenon among the masses. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the impact of entrepreneurial initiatives by the state government with the support of JKEDI towards the creation of new enterprises in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir in India. Primary data has been collected with a structured schedule from 100 new JKEDI sponsored entrepreneurs from the district. Both qualitative and quantitative information was collected and analysed with simple statistical tools and analysis of the interview. The findings show that there is a positive impact of training, financial support and consultation for the overall development of entrepreneurship in both urban and rural areas of the district in particular and state as a whole. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 300-317 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: Jammu and Kashmir; entrepreneurship; JKEDI; new enterprises; service; manufacturing; employment; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:3:p:300-317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gibson Nene Author-X-Name-First: Gibson Author-X-Name-Last: Nene Author-Name: Melaku Abegaz Author-X-Name-First: Melaku Author-X-Name-Last: Abegaz Title: The effect of small business entrepreneurship on poverty: evidence from US rural counties Abstract: Small businesses are generally considered important for poverty alleviation. Existing literature on the relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty is focused mainly on urban communities. This study contributes to the literature by examining the effect of small business entrepreneurship on poverty rates across 604 US rural counties for the period 2010 to 2012. Our empirical results show that entrepreneurial activity employing less than 20 workers (0 to 19) is associated with lower poverty rates across the rural counties. Findings on businesses that employ 20 to 99 workers did not appear to affect poverty during the study period. The results suggest that microenterprises play an important role in alleviating poverty in rural US counties. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 335-347 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship; poverty; small businesses; rural counties; US. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:3:p:335-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nay Zar Aung Author-X-Name-First: Nay Zar Author-X-Name-Last: Aung Author-Name: Yoji Kohda Author-X-Name-First: Yoji Author-X-Name-Last: Kohda Title: Three-dimensional concept of familiness in family-owned businesses: evidence from Myanmar Abstract: This qualitative study explored the unique resources of family-owned businesses (FOBs), viz., familiness. Although familiness has been analysed from multiple perspectives, the role of family originated resources has still been neglected. Six cases of analysis revealed that five embedded resources of families are generative of familiness and able to develop capabilities for business. We also found that different family natures generate two different business behaviours, i.e., stable familiness (tradition-based family customs with inward-orientation behaviours) and flexible familiness (modern-based family customs with outward-orientation behaviours). This suggested that familiness may serve as a strategic resource to gain competitive advantages and it might help to maintain the core competency of businesses. Thus, this study aims to share our knowledge as feedback to the businesses for encouraging their socio-economic development and these findings offer benefits as human resources for businesses. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 318-334 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: family-owned business; FOB; familiness; resource; business behaviours; competitive advantages; Myanmar. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:3:p:318-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin C. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Colin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Slavko Bezeredi Author-X-Name-First: Slavko Author-X-Name-Last: Bezeredi Title: Explaining informal entrepreneurship in Croatia: a social actor approach Abstract: In recent years, a social actor approach has emerged to explain informal sector entrepreneurship. Grounded in institutional theory, this asserts that formal institutional failures lead entrepreneurs to view participation in the informal sector as acceptable, which results in the prevalence of informal entrepreneurship. The aim of this paper is to evaluate this social actor approach. Reporting the results of 521 face-to-face interviews with a nationally representative sample of entrepreneurs in Croatia, this finds a significant association between entrepreneurs participation in the informal economy and the non-alignment of their views with the formal rules, and that the formal institutional failings significantly associated with the acceptability of informal entrepreneurship include their perception of poor quality public services, a lack of tax fairness, corruption and political instability. The implications for theory and policy are then discussed. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 348-368 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: informal economy; shadow economy; underground economy; entrepreneurship; tax morale; institutional theory; transition economies; Croatia. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:3:p:348-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raina M. Rutti Author-X-Name-First: Raina M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rutti Author-Name: Fernando Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Author-Name: Marilyn M. Helms Author-X-Name-First: Marilyn M. Author-X-Name-Last: Helms Title: Entrepreneurship in Peru: a SWOT analysis Abstract: The purpose of this research is to use the SWOT analysis to examine Peru's country conditions and identify areas for potential sources of entrepreneurial opportunities. Findings indicate Peru's main drivers of its economic activities are the energy, agriculture and tourism industries. However, insufficient infrastructure, crime, corruption, poor education and poverty limit economic development. Opportunities for entrepreneurship exist through a diversified economy with a favourable business environment. Although current entrepreneurial activity is mostly concentrated in the retail, hotel and restaurant sector, there is potential to increase entrepreneurial activity within the main economic activities as foreign investments are expected to increase Peru's export-driven industries. Because Peru's government efforts to support entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education have been stagnant in the last decade, we offer recommendations for policy makers to increase entrepreneurial activities based on training and motivation to improve business conditions that would promote and encourage entrepreneurial behaviour. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 369-396 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: Peru; Latin America; emerging economies; entrepreneurship; SWOT analysis; opportunities; development. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:3:p:369-396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reham Abdelhafiz ElTamimi Author-X-Name-First: Reham Abdelhafiz Author-X-Name-Last: ElTamimi Author-Name: Nadia J. Sweis Author-X-Name-First: Nadia J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sweis Title: The perceptions of individuals aged 50 years and older towards engaging in entrepreneurial activities Abstract: Aging population and the increasing of dependent ratio have attracted researchers to call for senior/older entrepreneurship as a late career alternative. This research aims to overview the perceptions of Jordanians aged 50+ years regarding entrepreneurial activities, and their effect on intentions to engage in these activities. This objective was achieved through analysing data for this group that was collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) for Jordan in 2004, 2009 and 2016 using descriptive, binary logistic regression and generalising a comparison across years. Results revealed that individual perceptions followed by socio-cultural perceptions have the strongest effect on seniors' intentions. Choosing entrepreneurship as a good career choice has been revealed to have the weakest effect between all types of perceptions across years. This study presents new framework that described the relation between perceptions and intentions. It also proposes two new terms of entrepreneurship: 'entrepreneurship the dream' and 'golden entrepreneurship'; and recommends applicable solutions to boost them in Jordan. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 422-450 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship; perception; intention; unemployment; senior; older; active age; early retirement; demographical shifting; inclusivity; golden entrepreneurship; silver economy; Jordan; Arab countries; Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring; GEM. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:4:p:422-450 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesca Maria Cesaroni Author-X-Name-First: Francesca Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Cesaroni Author-Name: Amaya Erro-Garcés Author-X-Name-First: Amaya Author-X-Name-Last: Erro-Garcés Author-Name: Annalisa Sentuti Author-X-Name-First: Annalisa Author-X-Name-Last: Sentuti Title: Interplays between mother and entrepreneurial identities in the succession process: when mom is the founder and passes 'the baton' Abstract: This study aims to understand how women entrepreneurs involved in a succession process as incumbent manage their double identities of entrepreneur and mother, and how these two identities interplay. The paper also aims to reflect on the role of the father in a succession process where the founder is a mother. Two longitudinal case studies - from Italy and Spain - are analysed. In both cases, the main character is a woman who founded a business and recently passed the leadership to her children. Results show that these women were able to effectively manage their double identities with positive effects for the succession process. Moreover, while in a traditional succession process, with a father as founder, the mother acts as mediator between incumbent and successor, in our cases the need for a third actor to act as a mediator disappeared and the fathers had no role because a dyadic mother-children relationship emerged. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 451-471 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: succession process; women entrepreneurs; gender; identity; family business; entrepreneurship; mother-son succession; case studies; women owned family business; business transfer. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:4:p:451-471 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Boidurjo Mukhopadhyay Author-X-Name-First: Boidurjo Author-X-Name-Last: Mukhopadhyay Author-Name: Rodica Ianole Author-X-Name-First: Rodica Author-X-Name-Last: Ianole Title: Community level impact of solar entrepreneurs in rural Odisha, India: the rise of women led solar energy-based enterprises Abstract: Contemporary research in the area of renewable energy-based entrepreneurship has largely ignored studying the effects of women led solar businesses in a regional context, particularly rural areas. While there are studies recognising entrepreneurship as a key instrument in bringing in regional transformation and thereby development, very little insight has been provided to gain an understanding of solar entrepreneurship and its effect at regional levels. This research explores the community level impact of women led solar businesses by using an exploratory qualitative method and carrying out semi-structured interviews and participant observation on solar entrepreneurs in rural Odisha, India. The paper offers empirical analysis from discussions led by thematic analysis method that introduces the varied impact of women led solar entrepreneurship on rural Odisha and how that is evidently realised at various levels as well as time scales. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 472-503 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: solar entrepreneurs; renewable energy technologies; RETs; India; community empowerment; rural development; women entrepreneurs. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114240 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:4:p:472-503 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bhaskar Jyoti Neog Author-X-Name-First: Bhaskar Jyoti Author-X-Name-Last: Neog Author-Name: Bimal Kishore Sahoo Author-X-Name-First: Bimal Kishore Author-X-Name-Last: Sahoo Title: What determines self-employment profits? Evidence from India Abstract: The present paper contributes to the limited literature on the factors affecting self-employment performance in the developing country context of India. The study uses the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) panel data for the years 2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The study employs ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to analyse the determinants of profitability, making efforts to correct for potential endogeneity and selection bias in the earnings function. Attempts to correct for endogeneity are made using the instrumental variables method as well as using lag values of potentially endogenous variables in the earnings model. The findings point towards a significant influence of role models, capital constraints, human capital and the market environment on firm performance. However, social networks are not found to influence firm profitability significantly. Further, earnings are found to be significantly lower for female-headed firms and firms owned by socially-marginalised groups. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 504-531 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: self-employment; profits; endogeneity; human capital; social networks; credit constraints; caste; gender. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:4:p:504-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Héctor Montiel-Campos Author-X-Name-First: Héctor Author-X-Name-Last: Montiel-Campos Title: Strategic orientations, hypercompetitive environment, and entrepreneurial alertness of small firms: evidence from the central region of Mexico Abstract: Entrepreneurial alertness (EA) is an essential concept in entrepreneurial opportunities research. However, there is relatively little empirical evidence on its precursors. This study examines entrepreneurial orientation (EO) as a precursor to EA in small firms and the moderating influence of market orientation (MO) on that relationship. The study hypothesises that a hypercompetitive environment moderates the complementary effects of EO and MO on EA. The theoretically developed research model is tested using the survey data of 135 small manufacturing firms from the central region of Mexico. The results support a positive influence of EO on the components of EA concerning scanning and search, as well as evaluation and judgment, and indicate that the influence is stronger when MO is included under the conditions of a hypercompetitive environment. Interestingly, EO and MO do not positively influence the association and connection component of EA unless a hypercompetitive environment is present. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 532-552 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation; market orientation; hypercompetitive environment; entrepreneurial alertness; small firms. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:4:p:532-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Santisteban Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Santisteban Author-Name: David Mauricio Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Mauricio Author-Name: Orestes Cachay Author-X-Name-First: Orestes Author-X-Name-Last: Cachay Title: Critical success factors for technology-based startups Abstract: Technology-based startups (TBSs) significantly contribute to the generation of jobs and economic development; therefore, the success of these companies should be guaranteed. However, despite their importance, TBSs have a high failure rate worldwide. The objective of this study is to identify CSFs for TBSs based on the analysis of the information systems theory, as well as theories on human, social, and organisational behaviour. This descriptive empirical study performed a simple correspondence analysis of the perceptions of 125 CEOs of TBSs located in Peru using student's t-test. The following effects were identified: technological surveillance &rarr; knowledge absorptive capacity, knowledge absorptive capacity &rarr; perceived performance of a product and/or service, knowledge absorptive capacity &rarr; dynamic capability, knowledge absorptive capacity &rarr; innovative and entrepreneurial culture, the perceived performance of a product and/or service &rarr; customer satisfaction, and the quality of a product and/or service &rarr; customer satisfaction. The results of the simple correspondence analysis showed that all identified relationships were valid using student's t-test at a 95% confidence level, with a high or very high effect, except for the impact of knowledge absorptive capacity on the innovative and entrepreneurial culture. This study identified ten CSFs for TBSs. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 397-421 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: technology-based startup; TBS; critical success factors; CSFs; IT startup; new technology-based firm; entrepreneurship. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:4:p:397-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Omar Masood Author-X-Name-First: Omar Author-X-Name-Last: Masood Author-Name: Kiran Javaria Author-X-Name-First: Kiran Author-X-Name-Last: Javaria Title: Evaluating the systematic risk and its impact on profitability and liquidity; evidence from European countries Abstract: The purpose of this research study is to establish if there is systematic risk and if it has impact on profitability, liquidity of the banks in Europe. This study used various financial performance ratios of 100 banks operating in different European countries to investigate if such relationship exists over a five-year period (2012 to 2016). Before working on systematic risk evaluation, we need to know that in order to shape up the financial structure of any firm the operating performance has importance. It is expected that the outcomes of this research are very important in both perspective of investors and bank managers, as these findings will help them to fully analyse the effects of various strategic choices keeping in view related to risk profile of banks. Some implications of the potential policy which are based on the new capital requirements in view of the risk-leverage relationship have also been discussed in this study. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 463-478 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: financial risk; business risk; profitability; liquidity; systematic risk; financial performance; capital requirements; risk-leverage. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:4:p:463-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kujtim Zylfijaj Author-X-Name-First: Kujtim Author-X-Name-Last: Zylfijaj Author-Name: Dimitar Nikoloski Author-X-Name-First: Dimitar Author-X-Name-Last: Nikoloski Title: The impact of access to finance and institutional barriers on SMEs' performance: difference between the formal and informal sector Abstract: This paper explores the impact of access to finance and institutional barriers on small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) sales. For the purpose of this empirical study, two samples were used for both formal and informal SMEs in Kosovo. The sample of formal SMEs consists of 1,000 businesses, while the sample of informal SMEs consists of 250 businesses. The logit models were employed to find out the impact of access to finance and institutional barriers on SMEs performance in both sectors. Findings indicate that access to finance and institutions affect the performance of SMEs in the formal and informal sector. Furthermore, findings show that access to finance and institutional barriers affect the performance of formal SMEs more than informal ones. The evidences show that formal SMEs outperform informal ones in terms of sales. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 479-501 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; access to finance; institutional barriers; sales; performance; formal sector; informal sector. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:4:p:479-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Purva Hegde Desai Author-X-Name-First: Purva Hegde Author-X-Name-Last: Desai Author-Name: Nilesh Borde Author-X-Name-First: Nilesh Author-X-Name-Last: Borde Author-Name: Mitesh Nagar Author-X-Name-First: Mitesh Author-X-Name-Last: Nagar Title: Capital structure analysis of MSMEs with reference to start-up and later stages Abstract: Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) worldwide differ on the parameters of definitions and the set of challenges faced. Although MSMEs continuously enhance the economic activity of a country, the difficulty in accessing finance slows down their growth and development. They find it more difficult to raise finance at an initial stage as compared to a later stage. Given this background, this research focuses on finding the impact of some selected factors like size and sector on the capital structure of MSMEs, in emerging economies like India. It affirms that regarding capital structure, MSMEs do not differ among themselves and can be regarded as common cohort or a single unit of analysis. The empirical testing provides evidence that capital structures of MSMEs differ across initial and later stage, with reference to sector and age classes. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 502-516 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: micro, small and medium enterprise; MSME; capital structure; debt equity ratio; size; sector; initial stage; later stage. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:4:p:502-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ondřej Dvouletý Author-X-Name-First: Ondřej Author-X-Name-Last: Dvouletý Author-Name: David Anthony Procházka Author-X-Name-First: David Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Procházka Author-Name: Marzena Starnawska Author-X-Name-First: Marzena Author-X-Name-Last: Starnawska Title: Who earns more: job creators, solo-entrepreneurs or employees? Empirical evidence from Visegrad countries Abstract: One of the most important questions of individuals pursuing entrepreneurship as a career choice is, do entrepreneurs earn more, compared to employees? We aim to contribute to this research by comparing earnings of employees, solo-self-employed and self-employed with employees. We utilise data from the two waves of the European Survey on Working Conditions (2010, 2015) and we focus on Visegrad countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia). The analysis is based on OLS approach and nearest neighbour matching approach. Controlling for key individual characteristics, we find positive returns to entrepreneurship. However, we show that the OLS approach over-estimates the size of returns to entrepreneurship, compared to matching approach. We find that self-employed without employees earn on average 6.7% more when compared to employees, and to self-employed with employees even on average 22% more than employees. We also find that job creators earn on average 22% more when compared with solo-self-employed. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 517-530 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: returns to entrepreneurship; employees; self-employed with employees; solo-self-employed; European Survey on Working Conditions; EWCS; income. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117345 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:4:p:517-530 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oliver Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Torsten Wulf Author-X-Name-First: Torsten Author-X-Name-Last: Wulf Title: Success factors of academic entrepreneurship education: a new approach Abstract: Discussions about whether entrepreneurship education stimulates entrepreneurial intentions and start-up activities continue due to weak empirical evidence and stagnating start-up rates. Based on the review of extant research in entrepreneurship, we argue that the success of entrepreneurship education largely depends on the contents and teaching methods applied. We propose that teaching the 'right' contents and methods comprises three different factors: a rational component for teaching relevant knowledge and skills, an emotional component for evoking the inspiration of the participants, and a social component for supporting the development of the participants' social networks. We present a number of practical, hands-on recommendations on these topics and develop a proposal for an ideal-typical entrepreneurship education curriculum. This paper is intended for university managers and program developers as a framework for designing successful entrepreneurship education programs. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 531-547 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship education; inspiration; social networks; learning; entrepreneurial skills. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:4:p:531-547 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edmond Çera Author-X-Name-First: Edmond Author-X-Name-Last: Çera Author-Name: Gentjan Çera Author-X-Name-First: Gentjan Author-X-Name-Last: Çera Author-Name: Engjell Skreli Author-X-Name-First: Engjell Author-X-Name-Last: Skreli Title: The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: evidence from a transition country Abstract: Finding ways that foster entrepreneurship is a constant concern for policymakers. Education is seen as a key factor that may contribute in this regard. This study seeks to assess the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention in the context of a transition country. Using a dataset of 528 respondents, two groups (treated and controlled) were created following a quasi-experimental research design. To ensure the comparability of these two groups, propensity score matching and coarsened exact matching were performed. The study found a positive relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention, which is consistent with previous studies. This research provides useful insights for policymakers and universities who are responsible for designing policies or curricula to encourage students to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 548-569 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship education; entrepreneurial intention; propensity score matching; PSM; coarsened exact matching; CEM; transition country; Albania. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117347 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:4:p:548-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramzi Benkraiem Author-X-Name-First: Ramzi Author-X-Name-Last: Benkraiem Author-Name: Calin Gurau Author-X-Name-First: Calin Author-X-Name-Last: Gurau Author-Name: Thi Hong Van Hoang Author-X-Name-First: Thi Hong Van Author-X-Name-Last: Hoang Author-Name: Amine Lahiani Author-X-Name-First: Amine Author-X-Name-Last: Lahiani Author-Name: Thuy Seran-Luu Author-X-Name-First: Thuy Author-X-Name-Last: Seran-Luu Title: Bank leverage choices of French SMEs: a quantile analysis Abstract: With a large sample of 24,825 firm-year observations of French SMEs in the 2003-2016 period, we investigate the drivers of bank leverage choices. A quantile regression modelling is used to consider the bank leverage distribution. This method is applied on three different sub-periods to examine the impact of the financial crisis. The results reveal that drivers of the bank leverage level vary in function of its distribution and of time. This helps explain mixed results of previous research in this field. The pecking order theory is suitable to French SMEs while performance is the most important criterion considered by banks. The highlights of the study are: 1) drivers of French SMEs' bank leverage depend on the leverage level and on time; 2) future research should consider both time and leverage distributional dimensions; 3) the pecking order theory is suitable to French SMEs; 4) the size of firms impacts the bank leverage level negatively; 5) the firm performance is the most important criterion in the decision process of banks. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 570-597 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: SMEs; bank leverage; quantile regressions; nonlinearity; crisis. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:4:p:570-597 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simona Leonelli Author-X-Name-First: Simona Author-X-Name-Last: Leonelli Author-Name: Francesca Masciarelli Author-X-Name-First: Francesca Author-X-Name-Last: Masciarelli Title: Born to be successful: start-up patenting activity determinants Abstract: Patenting is fundamental to start-up survival and growth. Research indicates that patenting enables start-ups to protect their ideas from competitors, profit from their inventions, and signal their value to stakeholders. Drawing on the resource-based theory, the paper shows that start-ups' patenting activity is related to both external and internal conditions. Relying on a sample consisting of 195 start-ups, located in Italy and France, the market scenario, that is, market dynamism and concentration, is found to affect start-ups' patenting activity. Also, the paper shows that start-ups' age is negatively related to patenting, and that entrepreneur narcissism has different impacts based on its prevailing characteristics: entitlement/exploitativeness is positively related to patenting, grandiose exhibitionism is negatively related to it, while leadership/authority shows no connection with this activity. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: start-up patenting activity; market scenarios; start-up age; entrepreneur narcissism. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johan Tumiwa Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Tumiwa Author-Name: Adrián Nagy Author-X-Name-First: Adrián Author-X-Name-Last: Nagy Title: Micro, small, and medium enterprises in emerging economies and economic transition: a comparative study between Indonesia and Hungary Abstract: It is necessary to foster and strengthen micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to enhance their growth and develop them as strong, resilient, efficient, and independent contributors to the national economy. The purpose of this study is to analyse and compare the influence of MSME growth on the economic growth of an emerging economy (Indonesia) and an economy in transition (Hungary). This study uses secondary data, which are transformed into logarithms. Based on panel data regression analysis, this research finds that there is a significant influence of MSMEs and employment on economic growth in both countries. In the Hungary regression model, the MSME variable has a partial negative influence on economic growth due to political and economic influences. This study has two recommendations. First, Hungarian and Indonesian Government interventions are needed to develop MSMEs. Second, the Indonesian Government should reduce energy subsidies. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 22-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: employment; economic growth; MSMEs development; emerging market economies; economic transition; Indonesia; Hungary. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:22-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Roffia Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Roffia Title: Family involvement and financial performance in SMEs: evidence from Italy Abstract: The aim of this study is to provide new evidence on the relationship between family involvement and financial performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We analysed the effects of family involvement in ownership and in the board of directors (BoD) for 214 Italian SMEs. Using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model with time-period and industry-fixed effects and lagged financial data over a four-year period (2014-2017), we found a statistically significant U-shaped relationship between family ownership and return on assets (ROA). Contrary to our expectations, the relationship between family involvement in the BoD and profitability was negative. These results suggest that family involvement in firms may have both positive and negative effects on financial performance depending on the thresholds considered. We also found a few other contextual variables related to company structure that influenced SME financial performance. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 39-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; family firms; family involvement; generational change; ROA ratio; financial performance; Italy. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:39-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ieva Žebrytė Author-X-Name-First: Ieva Author-X-Name-Last: Žebrytė Author-Name: Martha T. Ramírez-Valdivia Author-X-Name-First: Martha T. Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez-Valdivia Author-Name: Jaime M. Bustos Author-X-Name-First: Jaime M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bustos Title: Knowledge for natural disaster-resilient businesses in emerging economies: a focus on decision-making by tourism entrepreneurs Abstract: To develop resilient business models, entrepreneurs who operate in an emerging economy tourist destination under continuous threat of natural disasters would benefit from knowledge attained by practical experience as well as by academic research. The aim of this study is to examine how the application of this knowledge can bolster business resilience. We draw on current empirical literature in the areas of business and tourism resilience to identify the scope of actionable design interventions. Eighteen years (2000-2018) of tourism and business resilience research were reviewed by a panel of experts to identify reoccurring topics, issues and problems. Following a thematic analysis, these topics were organised into business model canvas (BMC) blocks. We answer the question of how knowledge may be generated to aid the decision-making by tourism entrepreneurs of emerging economies whose businesses are disrupted by natural disaster events. Our contribution is simultaneously to academia and management through the conceptualisation of the BMC as an entrepreneurial knowledge management tool and as a framework for resilient business design. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 61-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: business model canvas; business resilience; natural disasters; actionable design interventions; emerging economy. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:61-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesca Rivetti Author-X-Name-First: Francesca Author-X-Name-Last: Rivetti Author-Name: Mirella Migliaccio Author-X-Name-First: Mirella Author-X-Name-Last: Migliaccio Author-Name: Arturo Capasso Author-X-Name-First: Arturo Author-X-Name-Last: Capasso Title: Innovation orientation: an investigation of Italian SMEs producing building materials Abstract: In the last decades, the attention of scholars to innovation orientation has grown considerably. Despite this, a shared definition and a common view regarding this concept are still missing. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on innovation orientation (IO). On the basis of relevant literature, we investigate IO with specific reference to Italian small and medium enterprises producing building materials. Following the Benzécri's data analysis approach, characterised by applying in sequence multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, we identify factors which best describe the phenomenon and define a typology of innovation orientations. The paper has important implications for both researchers and practitioners. It can contribute to addressing further research, highlighting the most significant indicators and dimensions of IO. It can also be helpful to practitioners, in order to understand which aspects to emphasise, with the objective of increasing the IO of the firm. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 187-202 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: innovation orientation; small and medium enterprises; SMEs; Italy; building materials. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:187-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ekaterina Zabelina Author-X-Name-First: Ekaterina Author-X-Name-Last: Zabelina Author-Name: Diana Tsiring Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Tsiring Author-Name: Veronika Artemeva Author-X-Name-First: Veronika Author-X-Name-Last: Artemeva Title: Entrepreneurs' time perspective: attitude to adversities, opportunities and self-confidence Abstract: In the age of information technologies and expansion of data flows, a notable increase in the speed of subjectively perceived time is evident. It is obvious that entrepreneurs, as a group that is most sensitive to social changes, can experience these changes in a special way. The present research aims to identify whether there are peculiarities of entrepreneurs' time perspective and what these peculiarities are. Using the Zimbardo time perspective inventory, indicators of entrepreneurs' and employees' time perspective were measured (N = 399). Contrary to the expectations, entrepreneurs are not significantly future-oriented, while also being less 'fixated' on negative things from the past and reflecting on previous mistakes. They are more confident in their abilities than hired employees; they tend to rely on themselves rather than on external circumstances or people, reference groups, the state, etc. Understanding the differences in time perspective of entrepreneurs vs. hired employees (civil servants, school teachers, and IT specialists) broadens the concept of personal resources and psychological mechanisms of entrepreneurial behaviour. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 84-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: time perspective; past negative; present hedonistic; present fatalistic; entrepreneurship; entrepreneur; hired employee; career choice. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:84-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William L. Tullar Author-X-Name-First: William L. Author-X-Name-Last: Tullar Author-Name: Dianne H.B. Welsh Author-X-Name-First: Dianne H.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Welsh Title: Reality check: changes in business students' psychological resources as they move towards graduation Abstract: This study examines the trajectory of student psychological resources over the course of business education. Business education should equip students with positive psychological resources so that they can succeed. Most business school programs focus on the development of skills in communication, critical thinking, and quantitative, technological, and functional knowledge, while omitting training that affects students' psychological resources to succeed in business. This study employs the psychological capital (PsyCap) instrument to measure psychological resources. Comparisons of freshmen and seniors showed that freshman scored higher on four of the five PsyCap dimensions. Business students followed for two years showed significant drops in need for achievement and need for feedback. To counter reduced psychological resources, business schools should explore the implementation of training interventions. Future research should replicate longitudinal measures of business student psychological resources that have profound implications for business education. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 100-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: business school students; psychological capital; PsyCap; need for achievement; need for feedback. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:100-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Coda Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Coda Author-Name: Davi De França Berne Author-X-Name-First: Davi De França Author-X-Name-Last: Berne Author-Name: Patricia Viveiros De Castro Krakauer Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Viveiros De Castro Author-X-Name-Last: Krakauer Author-Name: Gustavo H.S.M De Moraes Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo H.S.M De Author-X-Name-Last: Moraes Title: Entrepreneurship and gender: what do behavioural profiles have to do with it? Abstract: The study investigates managerial profiles of men and women entrepreneurs in micro and small businesses in São Paulo City, Brazil, in light of the view that entrepreneurship is a gender-free phenomenon. A quantitative approach was applied to a sample of 1,099 respondents to assess their preferred behaviours in work situations through a validated self-administered questionnaire. Men more significantly base their behaviours on analytical (strategy) orientation while women do so on mediating (integration) and receptive (people) orientations. Men are producers, monitors and regulators, while women are articulators and considerators. The study reveals the need to segment the process of competency acquisition for male and female entrepreneurs. Male entrepreneurs should focus on enhancing soft skills while women entrepreneurs should be concerned with their technical abilities. The study provides a unique perspective of a Latin American developing country, offering insights regarding the behavioural challenges for improving entrepreneurship education in Brazil. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 116-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: behavioural profiles; small businesses; entrepreneurship; gender. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:116-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Massimiliano Matteo Pellegrini Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Pellegrini Author-Name: Cristiano Ciappei Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano Author-X-Name-Last: Ciappei Author-Name: Giacomo Marzi Author-X-Name-First: Giacomo Author-X-Name-Last: Marzi Author-Name: Marina Dabić Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Dabić Author-Name: Carolyn P. Egri Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn P. Author-X-Name-Last: Egri Title: A philosophical approach to entrepreneurship education: a model based on Kantian and Aristotelian thought Abstract: In the field of entrepreneurship education, how to develop an effective program to teach entrepreneurship has been widely debated. However, an inductive approach based on analysis of educational program experiences and outcomes has led to mixed conclusions about the appropriate scope and structure of entrepreneurship education. In contrast, we take a deductive approach to develop a comprehensive entrepreneurship education model based on concepts from two schools of philosophical thought: the Kantian debate about freedom versus determinism, and the Aristotelian concepts of praxis and poïesis. These philosophical concepts are related to scope and structure dimensions that delineate the soft (art) and hard (science) of entrepreneurship education, their components and interrelationships. Pedagogies associated with each component as well as integrative pedagogies are identified to guide the development of entrepreneurship education programs and teaching. Theoretical propositions are presented for future research. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 203-231 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship education; philosophy of entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial acting; entrepreneurship pedagogies; Aristotle; Kant. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:203-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liucija Birskyte Author-X-Name-First: Liucija Author-X-Name-Last: Birskyte Author-Name: Dovile Mingelaite Author-X-Name-First: Dovile Author-X-Name-Last: Mingelaite Title: Government financial support: does it improve the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in Lithuania? Abstract: This article explores the impact of government financial support on the financial performance and other indicators of small businesses in Lithuania. To achieve the objective of the paper both survey method and statistical analysis are used. Research results provide evidence that there exists a statistically significant relationship between the magnitude of financial support and the financial indicators of SMEs. The impact of financial support on business performance in selected areas is stronger with an increase in the size of SMEs. This paper contributes to a better understanding of what kind of financial support and what features of aid recipients make the financial support more effective in the context of Lithuania's specific business and institutional environment. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 142-163 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; government financial support; financial performance; Lithuania. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:1:p:142-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gül Berna Özcan Author-X-Name-First: Gül Berna Author-X-Name-Last: Özcan Title: Entrepreneurial growth strategies in Central Asia: a mid-transition typology of 4S Abstract: With empirical evidence gathered from three Central Asian states, we develop a typology of dynamic strategies by which firms adapt to market conditions. These are characterised by 'sliding' into vertical expansion, 'skipping' from one business into an entirely different one, horizontal expansion by 'scooping' up kindred functions, and 'specialising' to exploit lucrative niches. This we call the 4S typology. The disadvantage of this exuberance is that most entrepreneurs remain in a disjointed state of skipping as they face competition from fellow imitators and absorption from exploiters. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 232-258 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: transition entrepreneurship; small business strategy; growth typology; Central Asia. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:232-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olof Zaring Author-X-Name-First: Olof Author-X-Name-Last: Zaring Author-Name: Stefan Szücs Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Szücs Author-Name: Maureen McKelvey Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Author-X-Name-Last: McKelvey Title: Building regional innovation capacity: linking knowledge-intensive innovative entrepreneurship and innovation governance Abstract: This article examines the processes of building innovation capacity, within a regional innovation system. We analyse a case study of technological development in a region, leading us to propose a conceptual model to explain how and why the development of a common resource pool of scientific and technological knowledge in turn leads to regional innovation capacity. The model visualises our proposition that a process of governance enables actors to exploit a set of regional resources (incentives, networks, and global relations), whereby collectively creating industrial opportunities. We thereby use the model to predict that the success and directionality of specific technology in the region is dependent on establishing an organisational structure for exploiting said resources collectively. This contributes to understanding the governance of innovation systems because our proposed organisational structure, once established, will protect and channel knowledge and resources to the heterogeneous participating actors (regional government, universities, and firms). Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 27-50 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: innovation; entrepreneurship; economic emergence; collective action; regional governance; resources; knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:27-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magnus Yngvi Josefsson Author-X-Name-First: Magnus Yngvi Author-X-Name-Last: Josefsson Author-Name: Runolfur Smari Steinthorsson Author-X-Name-First: Runolfur Smari Author-X-Name-Last: Steinthorsson Title: Reflections on a SMART urban ecosystem in a small island state: the case of SMART Reykjavik Abstract: This conceptual paper explores 'SMART' cities and 'SMART' specialisation. 'SMART' refers to digitally enabled, innovative, progressive, green and sustainable social/technical systems. The focus is on 'SMART' as an interactive innovative ecosystem further illustrated through the concept of triple and quadruple helix systems. The paper argues that a 'SMART' city strategy should aim to build on a uniqueness that can be enabled through tapping and connecting 'SMARTness' to the available assets and resources that enhance and complement the existing ecosystem. The 'SMART' city and 'SMART' specialisation approaches leverage existing human, social and relational capital. They foster redesign and extension of established value chains and further activate and mobilise knowledge and innovation clusters to create more opportunities and development towards a more sustainable urban future. The discussion in this paper is based on SMART Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland. As Iceland is a small island state and Reykjavik a small city, the 'SMARTness' is also addressed in relation to a small island state context. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 93-114 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: SMART city; SMART specialisation; small island city; strategy; socio/technical systems. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:93-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junghee Han Author-X-Name-First: Junghee Author-X-Name-Last: Han Author-Name: Almas Heshmati Author-X-Name-First: Almas Author-X-Name-Last: Heshmati Title: Innovation and SMEs patent propensity in Korea Abstract: In general, all inventions are patented. However, there are numerous innovative activities that do not come under the coverage of patent protection even though patenting an innovation in different contexts remains vital. This paper analyses patent propensity as an outcome of innovative activities of regional SMEs. To achieve this, it does a robust regression analysis to estimate models to test five research hypotheses related to patent propensity using 263 firms participating in collaborative R%D with universities located in the Gwangju region in Korea. The empirical results show that a CEO's academic qualifications are positively related to propensity to patent. The findings also show that a CEO's intention to pursue new knowledge through open innovations is more relevant for patent propensity than public incentive policy instruments for making SMEs innovative by adapting innovation manuals, including the number of patents. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 51-68 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: patent propensity; photonics industry; SMEs growth; innovation; R%D; InnoBiz; Korea. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112261 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:51-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mutsumi Okuyama Author-X-Name-First: Mutsumi Author-X-Name-Last: Okuyama Author-Name: Kyosuke Sakakura Author-X-Name-First: Kyosuke Author-X-Name-Last: Sakakura Author-Name: Toshiyuki Yasui Author-X-Name-First: Toshiyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Yasui Author-Name: Takashi Maeno Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Maeno Title: Building an open innovation model over a horizontal network by applying the open innovation theory on SMEs in Japan. From a case study on Shitamachi Bobsleigh Network Project in Ota City, Tokyo Abstract: The purpose of this research was to verify that building an open innovation model over a horizontal network in regional clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises, by applying the open innovation theory, was effective to accelerate the creation of new products. We were able to prove using design structure matrix (DSM), which visualises dependency between various elements that one of the main contributing factors for small and medium-sized enterprise clusters to be able to generate open innovations, was the deepening of human networks and relationships. Next, we verified using a well-being survey that an improved subjective level of well-being of the constituent members was a contributing factor (Diener, 1984; Watson et al., 1988; Maeno, 2013; Maeno, 2017). Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 69-92 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: Shitamachi Bobsleigh Network Project; small and medium-sized enterprises; open innovation; design structure matrix; DSM; well-being; Japan. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:69-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dalia M. Sherif Author-X-Name-First: Dalia M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sherif Author-Name: Brenda Rios Brombacher Author-X-Name-First: Brenda Rios Author-X-Name-Last: Brombacher Title: Entrepreneurial success revisited: what Hofstede's dimensions and GEDI missed in evaluating the entrepreneurial potential in three pilot countries Abstract: This concept paper examines entrepreneurial culture and its national cultural fit according to Hofstede's dimensions and the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI). The authors compared expectations with the actual entrepreneurial outcomes in Pakistan, Egypt, and Zambia; three Global Entrepreneurship Program (or in-country partners) pilot beneficiaries. Although the three countries have lower GEDI rankings, they have shown considerable entrepreneurial potential based on their pertinent milestone reports. Using two of Hofstede's cultural dimensions to assess their openness for entrepreneurial initiatives, the three countries did not offer a cultural ecosystem conducive to entrepreneurship, yet the social, economic, and political contexts seemed to neutralise the cultural discord. Start-ups are seen as a counter-cyclical cushion in low-income countries to survive periods of economic downturn even when the culture does not support new ventures and risk-taking. The paper calls for an entrepreneurial construct that incorporates socio-cultural perspectives, and politico-economic factors into the innovation-led definition. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 130-155 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: Big Five; culture; Egypt; entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship initiatives; Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index; GEDI; Hofstede's cultural dimensions; masculinity; Maslow's hierarchy of needs; Pakistan; uncertainty avoidance; Zambia. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112263 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:130-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aldo Levy Author-X-Name-First: Aldo Author-X-Name-Last: Levy Author-Name: Riad Baha Author-X-Name-First: Riad Author-X-Name-Last: Baha Title: Credit risk assessment: a comparison of the performances of the linear discriminant analysis and the logistic regression Abstract: The prediction of credit risk and borrowers solvency has been widely discussed in the financial and accounting literature whatever the international financial accounting standards (Levy et al., 2016). Various methods are used to build prediction models and can be adapted according to the country, the sector of activity and the nature of the data used. These methods have shown their effectiveness compared to traditional financial analysis for companies classification. This paper aims to compare the classification performances of the logistic regression (LR) model with those of the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) one on a SMEs sample belonging to the Algerian private sector. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 169-186 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: credit risk; solvency of borrowers; SMEs failure; performances; classification; linear discriminant analysis; LDA; logistic regression. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:169-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ola Olsson Author-X-Name-First: Ola Author-X-Name-Last: Olsson Title: Backer behaviours: an explorative study of investor types in equity crowdfunding Abstract: Equity crowdfunding (ECF) is a new source of early-stage finance where ordinary people are the investors. In this context, investors are called backers, and their behaviours are less well understood. The contribution of this paper is to explore differences between backer investment behaviours. This is important, as it further positions backers when it comes to behaviour of different investor types, but also enables a discussion of attitudes and management of uncertainty from a portfolio theory perspective. The data include 4,938 backer transactions collected from FundedByMe.com during 2012-2016. Most backers invest in single campaign portfolios (single-portfolio backers) and seem less attracted to uncertainty. However, 16% of the crowd invest in multiple campaign portfolios (multi-portfolio backers). They seem more attracted to uncertainty and most of them diversify to manage the portfolio uncertainty. Hence, a minority of the crowd seem to care about uncertainty and manage it in a professional manner. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 156-168 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: early-stage finance; equity crowdfunding; ECF; backer behaviour; investor behaviour; investment patterns; portfolio management; diversification; specialisation; management of uncertainty. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:156-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philippe Rouchy Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Rouchy Author-Name: Sam Tavassoli Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Tavassoli Author-Name: Joakim Wernberg Author-X-Name-First: Joakim Author-X-Name-Last: Wernberg Title: Heterogeneous hybrid entrepreneurs - framing the variation in entrepreneurial effort and motives for hybrid entrepreneurship Abstract: This paper brings together two important distinctions in the study of entrepreneurship: the difference between full-time and hybrid entrepreneurship and the difference between productive and unproductive or predatory entrepreneurship. We combine the literature on hybrid entrepreneurship, primarily identifying significant differences compared with full-time entrepreneurs, with an adapted framework to distinguish different motives for entrepreneurial effort aimed at productive or unproductive and predatory outcomes. This provides an overview which allows us to identify potential venues for further research to understand both hybrid entrepreneurship and the role it may play in the economy in the future. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 115-129 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: hybrid entrepreneurship; productive entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial effort. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:115-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith Author-X-Name-First: Helen Lawton Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Rupert Waters Author-X-Name-First: Rupert Author-X-Name-Last: Waters Title: Universities, local labour markets and regional economic development Abstract: Universities as a supplier of the highly-skilled have long been understood as a contributor to economic development (Glasson, 2003). However, the direct impact of graduate education at the regional level is less clearly understood. This paper investigates patterns that emerge from 'first destination' data for all the UK universities on where graduates begin work and what they actually do in successful regions, comparing this with recent policy rhetoric, for example, in the UK's Industrial Strategy (HM Government, 2017), the Adonis Growth Review 2014 and the 2014 Witty Review of <i>Universities and Growth</i>. It illustrates reality using case studies of Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire which are both adjacent geographically and among the most competitive places in the UK, albeit with rather different HEIs. It addresses the issue of spatial differences, examining how different patterns of skills matching emerge even in adjacent regions. It also reflects on spatial mobility: whether and how the migratory behaviour of skills influences education-job match. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 8-26 Issue: 1/2 Volume: 42 Year: 2021 Keywords: universities; Oxfordshire; Buckinghamshire; highly-skilled labour markets. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:42:y:2021:i:1/2:p:8-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monika Dhochak Author-X-Name-First: Monika Author-X-Name-Last: Dhochak Author-Name: Prince Doliya Author-X-Name-First: Prince Author-X-Name-Last: Doliya Title: Application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process in multi-criteria decision-making of venture capitalists Abstract: This study aims to determine the factors of the venture capital investment process that may influence the multi-criteria investment process of venture capitalists in an emerging market like India. Firstly, we used the exploratory factor analysis to identify and analyse the consistency of several factors that may facilitate the adoption of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques in an Indian venture capital industry. Secondly, fuzzy analytical hierarchal process (FAHP), a most suited technique for MCDM to handle the fuzziness, vagueness and multi-dimensionality, was adopted to assign the weights and prioritise the pre-defined criteria and sub-criteria. These findings indicate that venture capitalists' investment decision does not emphasise solely on entrepreneurial activities, product and market; however, economic and regulatory environment also plays a significant role in the venture capitalists' investment decision-making process. These results may help entrepreneurs to recognise their strengths in respective criteria before approaching a right venture. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 165-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: venture capital; investment decision-making; multi-criteria decision-making; MCDM; fuzzy analytical hierarchal process; FAHP. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:2:p:165-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John James Cater III Author-X-Name-First: John James Cater Author-X-Name-Last: III Author-Name: Marilyn Young Author-X-Name-First: Marilyn Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Pooja Krishnan Author-X-Name-First: Pooja Author-X-Name-Last: Krishnan Title: Women in family businesses: utilising assistance for success Abstract: As women in family firms experience challenges in leadership, we explore how sources of assistance and networking have been valuable to their success. Using a case study approach, we interviewed respondents from 18 US family firms in diverse industries. Respondents explained the importance of receiving assistance and guidance from both internal and external sources. We identified important types of needed information and external assistance sources. We generated four propositions from our study and noted the positive effect of close family ties and the negative effects of gender bias and family conflict. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 180-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: family business; family firm; women; gender bias; conflict; assistance; networking; leadership; case study approach; qualitative. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115357 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:2:p:180-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Abiola Oluwatoyin Akinbami Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Abiola Oluwatoyin Author-X-Name-Last: Akinbami Title: Impacts of socio-cultural practices on family support system for rural women entrepreneurship development in Nigeria: a comparative analysis Abstract: This paper examined existing support system from family members and effects on rural women entrepreneurial activities. It also assessed the effects of cultural practices on support received by rural women entrepreneurs in Southwest and Southeast Nigeria. Concurrent mixed method, involving the use of quantitative and qualitative strands in a single phase was employed. Descriptive and thematic analyses were done through SPSS and Atlas.ti respectively. Findings revealed that some forms of support system exist in both regions but the degree of access differs. Results also showed that socio-cultural practices have great influence on women entrepreneurship development. As a result, most women are unwilling to encourage their children take over current business ventures. Consequently, husbands in particular, are encouraged to de-emphasise cultural norms which hinder business transformation into family businesses for sustainable entrepreneurship growth, sustainable rural family economic empowerment and poverty reduction. This research provides comparative baseline data for further study. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 205-231 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship development; support system; sustainable family business; rural women; socio-cultural practices. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:2:p:205-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Renato L.P. Chaves Author-X-Name-First: Renato L.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Chaves Author-Name: Marcos Lopez Rego Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Lopez Author-X-Name-Last: Rego Title: Strategic symbiotic arrangements: how can contract breweries help change a local market into part of an integrated broader market? Abstract: The impacts of the craft beer revolution reached Brazilian beer industry in the first years of this century. The evolution of the craft beer segment is paving the way to the development of different forms of organising in Brazil, such as contract brewing, designed for firms that do not own physical brewing facilities. This form of organising has several combinations, which vary according to the firm's value proposition. Contract brewing may be a reflection of open strategy practices, which affect both organisational structures and ownership forms. This research on the contract brewing business model attempts to advance our understanding of strategic symbiotic arrangements in this particular industry. After examining how contract breweries are operating in practice, we were able to group the business model's key components into two different configurations - symbiotic and transitional, whose main challenges are closely related to their interdependencies with a production partner and their interorganisational strategy. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 232-251 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: symbiotic network; interorganisational strategy; strategic alliance; symbiotic arrangement; business model; open strategy; contract breweries. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:2:p:232-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florine Livat Author-X-Name-First: Florine Author-X-Name-Last: Livat Author-Name: Hervé Remaud Author-X-Name-First: Hervé Author-X-Name-Last: Remaud Title: Do wine judges give higher scores to wines made with less-known grape varieties? Abstract: In this study, we investigate judges' decisions for various wines, characterised with various attributes (region of origin, colour, still versus sparkling, and so on), with a focus on grape variety. Our investigation suggests that wine judges tend to score wines made with less-known varieties higher. To support our suggestion, we analysed 27,470 wines from the 2013 to 2016 International Wine and Spirit Competitions. On average, wines made from the top ten varietal grapes are graded lower than wines made from other, less frequently used, grapes. Wines of the new world and those produced under a certification of origin rule are given greater scores. Wine producers should focus on creating wine from less-known grape varieties to increase their chances of getting a higher score (and medal). Consciously or not, wine judges tend to incentivise wine amateurs and buyers to discover less 'mainstream' wines. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 106-117 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: wine judge; wine score; International Wine and Spirit Competition; IWSC; grape varieties. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:2:p:106-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lura Rexhepi Mahmutaj Author-X-Name-First: Lura Rexhepi Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmutaj Author-Name: Slavica Rocheska Author-X-Name-First: Slavica Author-X-Name-Last: Rocheska Author-Name: Besnik A. Krasniqi Author-X-Name-First: Besnik A. Author-X-Name-Last: Krasniqi Title: Complementary relationship between types of innovation in SMEs: the context of Kosovo Abstract: Complementary innovations within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been a subject of great interest among authors. This study aims to examine the complementary of different types of innovations with specific focus on SMEs in the Kosovo market. The empirical bases for this analysis are derived from 24 qualitative case studies from innovative SMEs in Kosovo, coming from service, manufacturing and trade sectors by using NVivo software. The majority of interviewed enterprises developed two innovations simultaneously, meaning that the introduction of one innovation led to the introduction of another one. Product and process innovations are complementary in most of the cases, and the firm prefers a simultaneous adoption. Nevertheless, the findings show that in few cases, there is a combination of other types of innovations. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 252-286 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: complementarity; innovation; small and medium enterprises. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115361 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:2:p:252-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Akhmedova Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Akhmedova Author-Name: Rita Cavallotti Author-X-Name-First: Rita Author-X-Name-Last: Cavallotti Title: Position of daughters in family businesses: the role of motivation Abstract: This article addresses the underrepresentation of daughters in high-level management positions in a family business. The study takes a constructivist approach to explore the psychological link between daughters and family, illuminating the psychological processes behind a daughter's acquisition of a high position in the family firm. A multiple case study method is used to analyse the patterns of motivation of three groups of daughters in family businesses. Findings suggest that there are important differences in terms of extrinsic, intrinsic and ethical motivation among daughters that occupy different positions. These differences affect the way daughters interact with their business environment and how they justify themselves as leaders and viable successors. Thus, this research points to the specific motivational mechanisms that underlie career outcomes of daughters in family businesses. Furthermore, the research indicates motivational synergies between intrinsic and ethical motivation that are important in the family business context. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 287-310 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: position; succession; gender; motivation; leadership; strategy; ethical motivation; family business; daughters. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:2:p:287-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Martin Cloutier Author-X-Name-First: L. Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Cloutier Author-Name: Laurent Renard Author-X-Name-First: Laurent Author-X-Name-Last: Renard Author-Name: Sébastien Arcand Author-X-Name-First: Sébastien Author-X-Name-Last: Arcand Title: Collective strategic action conceptualisations by Quebec craft microdistillers: a mixed methods-based approach Abstract: The objective of this paper is to better understand the collective strategic action conceptualisation by craft microdistillers in Quebec, at the emerging phase of the sector, using group concept mapping (GCM). The estimated concept map displays action clusters regarding: Communications; Promotion and Branding; Institutional Partnerships and Collaborations; Market Development; Barriers to Entry; Collective Vision and Values; Quality Development; and Industry Development and Support. The contribution of the paper is three-fold: methodological, empirical, and practical. Methodologically, results are spatially distributed estimates of agreement levels among craft microdistillers regarding their conceptual representations which exhibit underlying systemic tensions and cohesion. Empirically, results provide perception measures of the relative importance and feasibility of the action set to be undertaken by craft microdistillers. Practically, results are used to articulate the potential evolution and impact of actions using the resource-based-view of the firm and dynamic capabilities notions as interpretative lenses. This contribution fills a void regarding entrepreneurial conceptualisations related to collective representations and perceptions of the entrepreneurial action set in emerging associations of alcohol producers whether spirits, wine, beer or cider, and in entrepreneurship and small business management research more generally, as they are seldom examined at the nascent phase of a sector. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 177-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: craft distillers; group concept mapping; GCM; entrepreneurial action; collective action; dynamic capabilities; resource-based view; RBV; nascent industry; entrepreneurship; alcoholic beverages. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:2:p:177-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Prameshwara Anggahegari Author-X-Name-First: Prameshwara Author-X-Name-Last: Anggahegari Author-Name: Gatot Yudoko Author-X-Name-First: Gatot Author-X-Name-Last: Yudoko Author-Name: Bambang Rudito Author-X-Name-First: Bambang Author-X-Name-Last: Rudito Author-Name: Hendrati Dwi Mulyaningsih Author-X-Name-First: Hendrati Dwi Author-X-Name-Last: Mulyaningsih Author-Name: Veland Ramadani Author-X-Name-First: Veland Author-X-Name-Last: Ramadani Title: Female social entrepreneurship in Indonesia: a critical literature review Abstract: This is a literature review paper related to female social entrepreneurship in Indonesia by using content analysis methodology. Based on papers related to female involvement in social entrepreneurship, there are some gaps within current literature that we tried to analyse. Most research in social entrepreneurship is considered as blurry areas where a female is categorised as 'the other' type of entrepreneur. This condition is also occurring in Indonesia. Even if females are described in the literature, most researchers focus more on the physiological and psychological differences between male and female. Females are rarely being highlighted as the subject of change. They were not seen as the change makers that have contributed more to the social values creation that emerged from their involvement in social entrepreneurship. The contested problems came from the Western point of view that has given some limitation to female empowerment in Indonesia. Therefore, we provide a new focus that emphasises the Eastern tradition to portray how female involvement in social entrepreneurship may give more impact to the social value creation. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 315-331 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: social entrepreneurship; female empowerment; social value creation; Indonesia. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:3:p:315-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robertson K. Tengeh Author-X-Name-First: Robertson K. Author-X-Name-Last: Tengeh Author-Name: Ziyanda Phikiso Author-X-Name-First: Ziyanda Author-X-Name-Last: Phikiso Title: Intra-family succession in South African townships: women's account of the desirable attributes Abstract: Focused on women, this article investigates the qualities and attributes that family-owned businesses desire in a potential successor. This paper is the outcome of quantitative data that was solicited and collected from 120 participants using a semi-structured questionnaire. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was utilised to analyse that quantitative data and was complemented with the elements that were drawn from the qualitative data (open-ended questions). The results suggest that the incumbents prefer the potential successor to have management skills; leadership skills; ability to relate well with other members of the family; show interest in becoming a successor, possess greater aptitude than other members of the family; understands the business vision, be trustworthy; be committed to the business; has management experience; must be related by blood or law and able to harmonise the interests of the family with those of the business. Overall, this narrative highlights the woman's position in a male-dominated discourse, besides suggesting that an understanding of the attributes desired by the incumbent will positively impact on the succession process in South African townships. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 332-344 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: family-owned business; succession planning; successor attributes; South African townships. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115878 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:3:p:332-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Le Fur Author-X-Name-First: Eric Le Author-X-Name-Last: Fur Author-Name: Jean-François Outreville Author-X-Name-First: Jean-François Author-X-Name-Last: Outreville Title: Grape varieties: is specialisation beautiful in the wine sector? Abstract: The objective of the paper is to investigate whether the grape varieties most used in national production affect the export performance. We examine this relationship over the period 1995-2016. The analysis is based on a sample of 38 wine exporting countries. We use the data envelopment analysis (DEA) to compute the efficiency of wine exports if the market structure of grape varieties is an input decision unit. Our results show that only a few countries are efficient. The three largest exporters, France, Italy and Spain, are efficient and adopt a strategy of diversification with a relatively small share of their most planted varieties in the national production. Some New World countries (Argentina, Portugal, South Africa and the USA) and the Old World (Germany) adopt the same strategy. Australia and Chile are also efficient but adopt a strategy based on a small number of grape varieties as well as a large share of the national production made with a few grape varieties. The implications for the wine industry are then discussed. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 118-137 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: DEA method; export performance; market structure; wine industry. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:2:p:118-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas J. Beutell Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Beutell Author-Name: Jeffrey W. Alstete Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey W. Author-X-Name-Last: Alstete Author-Name: Joy A. Schneer Author-X-Name-First: Joy A. Author-X-Name-Last: Schneer Author-Name: Marianne M. O'Hare Author-X-Name-First: Marianne M. Author-X-Name-Last: O'Hare Title: Generational differences in self-employment: work characteristics, health, work-family, and satisfaction Abstract: This paper examines self-employment by generational cohort (millennials, generation X, baby boomers, and matures) in relation to work variables, health variables, work-family variables, and life and job satisfaction. The analyses used data from a national probability sample (n = 738 self-employed), the National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW). Significant differences were found between generational groups of self-employed for most of the major study variables (e.g., hours worked, job pressure, work-family conflict). We also found that the study variables (e.g., autonomy, turnover intentions) predicted job satisfaction in self-employment. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 363-383 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: generations; self-employment; autonomy; health; satisfaction; turnover intentions. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:3:p:363-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salma Fattoum Author-X-Name-First: Salma Author-X-Name-Last: Fattoum Title: Successor attitudes in family firms Abstract: The aim of this paper is to highlight the impact of the predecessor's role on the successor's attitude following his integration into the family business. We deploy a combined model that helps to elucidate the process (Le Breton-Miller et al., 2004) and a typology developed by Bauer (1993) that helps to characterise the actors. Four attitudes are distinguished: belated independence, unconstrained independence, forced conservatism and agreed conservatism. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 345-362 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: succession; family business; successor; attitude; conservatism; independence. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:3:p:345-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magali Aubert Author-X-Name-First: Magali Author-X-Name-Last: Aubert Author-Name: Geoffroy Enjolras Author-X-Name-First: Geoffroy Author-X-Name-Last: Enjolras Title: The dynamics of direct selling for wine-growing farms Abstract: Direct selling is a marketing strategy that is developing quickly, especially in the wine-growing sector. While many studies have focused on the factors and strategies leading to the adoption of short food supply chains, this study aims to study the dynamics and sustainability over time of direct selling as adopted by wine-growing farms. The data examined relates to French farms within the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) operating continuously over the period 2006 to 2012. The analysis calls on a two-step Heckman selection model that considers the duration of the direct selling adoption, conditioned by the farmers' initial decision to adopt such marketing strategy or not. The results emphasise the fact that size is a key factor driving the conversion to direct selling. This marketing channel is chosen by wine-growing farms keen to increase their acreage but to decrease their economic and financial size, as well as their use of phytosanitary products. These results reflect the emergence of a specific model of small wine-growing farms centred on the adoption of direct selling. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 155-176 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: direct selling; wine-growing; farm size; Heckman; France. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:2:p:155-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vahid Jafari-Sadeghi Author-X-Name-First: Vahid Author-X-Name-Last: Jafari-Sadeghi Title: Internationalisation, risk-taking and export compliance: a comparative study between economically advanced and developing country Abstract: The global economy involves enormous internationalisation activities that provide untapped opportunities for entrepreneurs and businesses. This research aims to explore the essence of these phenomena in the international business economy and investigate the consequence of the failure to comply with the international regulations as the potential risk that firms might face in their global activities. Similarly, this paper aims to explore the risk-taking practices of small ventures in Italy and Iran. Consequently, the methodology of this paper relies on the multiple case studies, in which the data were gathered through conducting interviews with the CEO/s managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Italy and Iran. The result of this study compares Italian versus Iranian businesses in regards to the concept of risk-taking and export compliance and introduces the context-based, universal and ineffective factors. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 384-410 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: internationalisation; export compliance; risk-taking; case study; Iran. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115881 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:3:p:384-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Riccardo Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Riccardo Author-X-Name-Last: Vecchio Author-Name: Olivier Gergaud Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Gergaud Author-Name: Eugenio Pomarici Author-X-Name-First: Eugenio Author-X-Name-Last: Pomarici Title: Sparkling wines' future in the USA: insights from the industry Abstract: The current study analyses the growth potential of four different sparkling wines (California sparkling, Cava, Champagne and Prosecco) in the US market based on the views and judgment of a large sample of 843 trade actors. Findings of an online survey suggest that sparkling wines coming from Italy (Prosecco), Spain (Cava) and California have higher growth potentials than wines produced in the Champagne region of France. This is in line with the fact that Champagne wines are sold at very high prices internationally for historical reasons (monopoly power, first-mover advantage, well-established large brands). Furthermore, results suggest that a good price/quality ratio, positive wine critics, the fact that new consumers are choosing this wine are associated with higher estimated growth potentials by traders. Managerial implications for small and medium businesses are presented and critically discussed. We also analyse our results in the light of the new legislation on US imports that was adopted in October 2019 and that will hit Cava wines only. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 138-154 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: sparkling wines; US market; traders; growth potential; USA. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:2:p:138-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fayçal Mraihi Author-X-Name-First: Fayçal Author-X-Name-Last: Mraihi Author-Name: Inane Kanzari Author-X-Name-First: Inane Author-X-Name-Last: Kanzari Title: Failure prediction models: development and comparison between the multivariate discriminant analysis and the support vector machine for Tunisian companies Abstract: In this study, we try to develop a model that would predict corporate default using a multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) and a support vector machine (SVM). The two models are applied on the Tunisian context. Our sample consists of 212 companies operating in different industries, of which 106 are 'performing' companies and 106 are 'failing' companies, observed over the 2005-2010 period. The results of the use of a battery of 87 ratios showed that 16 ratios can build the model and that liquidity and solvency have more weight than profitability and management in predicting distress. Despite the slight superiority of the results provided by the SVM model, on the control sample, the results provided by the two models are good either in terms of correct classification percentage or in terms of the stability of discriminating power over time and space. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 411-437 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: distressed firms; forecasting model; multivariate discriminant analysis; MDA; support vector machine; SVM. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:3:p:411-437 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolin Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Carolin Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Author-Name: Sascha Kraus Author-X-Name-First: Sascha Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus Author-Name: Norbert Kailer Author-X-Name-First: Norbert Author-X-Name-Last: Kailer Author-Name: Linda Huber Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Huber Author-Name: Zeynep Hale Öner Author-X-Name-First: Zeynep Hale Author-X-Name-Last: Öner Title: Entrepreneurial burnout: a systematic review and research map Abstract: Entrepreneurial activity is gaining importance regarding its implications for societal, national, and regional development as well as economic growth. As a professional activity, entrepreneurship is defined by unique job characteristics particularly with regard to the experience of high passion, drive and spirit. Moreover, entrepreneurship is highly demanding in several domains and requires individual coping skills. In such context, the sustainability of entrepreneurial activities requires physical and mental health and well-being of entrepreneurs. Yet, burnout is a rarely discussed topic in entrepreneurial research. Hence, burnout of entrepreneurs has to be examined within the realities of their multidimensional professional context, which is shaped by the nature of entrepreneurial activity, work characteristics as well as entrepreneurs' personality. This literature review systematically examines and critically analyses 23 quantitative and qualitative articles about burnout in the context of entrepreneurship. Integrating the findings, we provide a research map for and thereby hope to stimulate further research to extend our knowledge about the challenging phenomenon of entrepreneurial burnout and its extensive consequences and implications. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 438-461 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial; burnout; stress; psychology. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:43:y:2021:i:3:p:438-461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gustav Hägg Author-X-Name-First: Gustav Author-X-Name-Last: Hägg Title: The study group method - how cooperative learning among peers contributes to experiential entrepreneurship education Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyse how the study group method aids student entrepreneurs when developing entrepreneurial knowledge through the experiential learning process, and why it is important to stimulate peer learning in an experiential entrepreneurship education context. Due to a more experiential perspective on learning, the environment in which students learn, what students learn and why students learn has changed, which creates new learning arenas that must be understood in order to advance our research on instructional methods in entrepreneurship education. This study analyses cooperative learning and provides insights on how it could be used as an instructional method in entrepreneurship education. The study addresses how different study groups create fruitful debates and discussions among students that provide arenas for developing self-awareness, equality toward peers and a space for sharing experiences bound to the entrepreneurial project. The sharing space creates a form of togetherness among students in the often lonely process that entrepreneurs face. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 75-102 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: collaborative learning; communicative learning; experiential entrepreneurship education; peer learning; researcher reflexivity; thematic analysis. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:1:p:75-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esther Hormiga Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Hormiga Author-Name: Inmaculada Jaén Author-X-Name-First: Inmaculada Author-X-Name-Last: Jaén Title: Why does she start up? The role of personal values in women's entrepreneurial intentions Abstract: This paper aims at shedding light on the role of personal values in the formation of women's entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). This should help explain whether (and why) women interpret the (entrepreneurial) reality around them differently from the way men do. To do so, this paper follows the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), combined with Schwartz's values theory. The model is then tested on a sample of 2923 highly-educated individuals from Spain. The results confirm the importance of value priorities in determining the EI, even after controlling for their motivational antecedents (as the TPB states). They also show that average value priorities are different both between women and men and between high- and low-intention women. The results are compatible with a post-structural feminist perspective. Therefore, the convenience of promoting a more gender-neutral entrepreneurship stereotype is highlighted. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 53-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: gender; personal values; entrepreneurial intention; entrepreneurship stereotypes. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:1:p:53-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dagmar Ylva Hattenberg Author-X-Name-First: Dagmar Ylva Author-X-Name-Last: Hattenberg Author-Name: Olga Belousova Author-X-Name-First: Olga Author-X-Name-Last: Belousova Author-Name: Aard J. Groen Author-X-Name-First: Aard J. Author-X-Name-Last: Groen Title: Defining the entrepreneurial mindset and discussing its distinctiveness in entrepreneurship research Abstract: The entrepreneurial mindset (EMS) is an emerging concept within entrepreneurship research, but has yet to reveal its full potential. Its current understanding is still fragmented and intertwined with other concepts. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretically informed definition of EMS that is descriptively robust and conceptually distinct from other concepts. By analysing definitions and comparing EMS to other established entrepreneurship concepts we argue that EMS captures both the developmental (ability) and the volitional (willingness) aspects that allow an individual to sense and seize an opportunity. It is the combination of these two aspects that makes EMS unique and distinct from other concepts. We ultimately propose future research steps to advance the understanding of this important phenomenon across multiple contexts. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 30-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurial mindset; EMS; entrepreneurship; willingness; ability; comparative analysis; human action perspective. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:1:p:30-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne-Flore Adam Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Flore Author-X-Name-Last: Adam Author-Name: Laëtitia Gabay-Mariani Author-X-Name-First: Laëtitia Author-X-Name-Last: Gabay-Mariani Title: Intended entrepreneurs' commitment: a new perspective on the mind-sets, antecedents and outcomes Abstract: Even though many people intend to become entrepreneurs, only few of them will actually complete the process successfully. Willing is not enough, and although intention models are widely used in entrepreneurship, their volitional part has been understudied. Understanding why some intended entrepreneurs act while others do not is crucial to gain expertise in the entrepreneurial process. Commitment has been mentioned by socio-psychological researchers as a key factor in the intention-behaviour relationship, but has never been studied in the entrepreneurial context. This is why this paper proposes a longitudinal, exploratory study to enter the 'black boxes' of intended entrepreneurs, focusing on their commitment. We expose four mind-sets of intended entrepreneurs' commitment: affective, continuance (based on sunk costs or based on the lack of alternatives) and normative. Our qualitative study conducted on six nascent entrepreneurs aims at understanding how their mind-sets would mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behaviour. It then proposes a model of antecedents and expected behavioural consequences of these mind-sets. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 11-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurial process; entrepreneur commitment; entrepreneurial intention-behaviour gap; entrepreneurial mind-sets. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=117936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:1:p:11-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis Barber III Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Barber Author-X-Name-Last: III Author-Name: Suhail M. Ghouse Author-X-Name-First: Suhail M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ghouse Author-Name: Shanan G. Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Shanan G. Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Author-Name: Michael L. Harris Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Title: Gender and exposure differences in entrepreneurial attitudes of Indian university students Abstract: The process of entrepreneurship has undergone rapid changes in India. This includes a large IT segment driving the process and structural industry changes. The inclusion of women as entrepreneurs has generally been slow in India for several reasons. This study provides individual level data on the entrepreneurial attitudes of students in India and how gender and entrepreneurial exposure are related to these attitudes. Exposure was measured through previous work exposure, familial exposure or previous small business ownership. Entrepreneurial attitudes of 127 young adults at a university in India were measured with the entrepreneurial attitudes orientation (EAO) survey instrument which is comprised of four subscales. The Indian males scored higher on all four subscales and the overall EAO score than their female counterparts. Of the three types of exposure only directly working with a small business in the past was associated with statistically significantly higher entrepreneurial attitudes. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 435-451 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurial attitudes; gender; entrepreneurship; exposure; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119728 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:4:p:435-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Author-Name: M. Dolores Guerrero-Baena Author-X-Name-First: M. Dolores Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero-Baena Author-Name: Mercedes Luque-Vílchez Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes Author-X-Name-Last: Luque-Vílchez Title: Survival in the agri-food industry: internationalisation and manager gender in Spanish SMEs Abstract: An analysis is presented of the survival patterns of both small and medium-sized firms in Spain, as well as the effects of the internationalisation of the firm and manager gender on firm survival. The study aims to shed some light from a gender perspective on the field of SME internationalisation and SME performance, examining the role of manager gender as a key determinant of business survival. The data comprise a sample of 5,095 agri-food SMEs. The Kaplan-Meier method is employed for a univariate analysis of survival, applying a linear regression for multivariate analysis. The results revealed that the SMEs were more likely to survive if internationalised and/or if their managers were women. The findings of this research may help provide a better understanding of the influence of manager gender on the internationalisation process of SMEs, which would assist policymakers in developing relevant and targeted export promotion policies and programmes. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 359-385 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: firm survival; internationalisation; gender; agri-food industry; Kaplan-Meier; small and medium-sized enterprise; SME; Spain; manager gender; Cox-regression; multivariate analysis. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:4:p:359-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilka Heinze Author-X-Name-First: Ilka Author-X-Name-Last: Heinze Author-Name: Thomas Henschel Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Henschel Title: Risk(ing) sophistication: towards a structural equation model for risk management in small and medium-sized enterprises Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to highlight critical success factors for establishing sound and effective risk management in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In particular, our research tests the effect of personal risk propensity and financial planning sophistication. Based on a survey among 270 SMEs, we apply a structural equation model (SEM). Our results show that personal risk propensity and sophistication of financial planning have a significant effect on the quality of risk management. SME managers with a higher risk propensity show better risk management sophistication in risk management organisation and in the risk management process. Additionally, the formalisation of the financial planning in SMEs is positively associated with risk management sophistication. Furthermore, the study explores the link of risk management sophistication and business performance. In that way, we propose a new theoretical research framework which can be used to study risk management sophistication in a comprehensive manner. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 386-412 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: risk perception; performance; small and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs; risk management; structural equation modelling. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119730 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:4:p:386-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Debasish Joddar Author-X-Name-First: Debasish Author-X-Name-Last: Joddar Title: Impact of microentrepreneurial activity: a case of Indian economy Abstract: Development of sustainable microenterprises considered as ideal paradigm to uplift the rural masses by reducing their vulnerability calls for an in-depth evaluation of desired impacts of microenterprise development programmes. Based on the primary data in selected districts of West Bengal, the study attempts to assess the socio-economic impact of the microenterprises on their household with reference to the standard of living and seeks to demonstrate the status of the women and children with respect to the use of basic health and educational services. Compared to others, the superiority of the sustainable enterprises has been explored in terms of higher standard of living index as well as the better-off situation of the women of their family with respect of use of antenatal care and institutional delivery. On the contrary, the alarming drop-out rate of children in the family of unsustainable enterprises needs to be taken into consideration. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 413-434 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: microfinance; microenterprise; entrepreneurial activity; impact; sustainability; standard of living; educational services; drop-out; child labour; antenatal care; institutional delivery. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:4:p:413-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kai Hänninen Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Hänninen Author-Name: Matti Muhos Author-X-Name-First: Matti Author-X-Name-Last: Muhos Author-Name: Harri Haapasalo Author-X-Name-First: Harri Author-X-Name-Last: Haapasalo Title: How small enterprises manage unexpected customer requests in B2B sales Abstract: This article analyses upstream supply chain practices in small enterprises to determine how firms manage unexpected customer requests in business-to-business (B2B) sales situations. A small company's offer often fails to satisfactorily meet a customer's needs in B2B sales situations. In such situations, an upstream supply chain network plays an important role in advancing B2B sales negotiations. The selection of a new supplier is crucial if the existing supplier network is not able to respond within an acceptable amount of time. In small firms, well-managed supplier networks can ensure fast delivery. Selecting a new supplier during sales negotiation could be risky; however, potential risks could be mitigated by having a core group of suppliers who can expeditiously fulfil requests. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 452-469 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: small sized enterprises; sales; customer preferences; new product creation; NPC; supply chain; business-to-business; B2B. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:4:p:452-469 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kajsa Haag Author-X-Name-First: Kajsa Author-X-Name-Last: Haag Author-Name: Leona Achtenhagen Author-X-Name-First: Leona Author-X-Name-Last: Achtenhagen Title: The impact of divorce on the family business system in SMEs - patterns of coping strategies, commitment and ownership regulations Abstract: In this paper, we outline how the divorce of the main owner-manager of a family-owned SME impacts the family business system. Divorce not only represents a pronounced family failure, but it can also be a highly stressful condition for the family members involved. To date, the impact of divorce on family businesses remains understudied, despite rates of divorce as high as 50% in some countries. Drawing on almost a decade of experience with engaged scholarship at the interface between divorce and family businesses, we selected four typical case studies to illustrate different coping strategies and show how divorce can change the strategic outlook of the family business system in SMEs by altering the commitment of the owner family to maintain the business in the family as well as ensuring the business continuation per se. Moreover, we exemplify how legal ownership regulations can shape family businesses' strategic scope after divorce by impacting the financial situation. We integrate these findings into a model of family business system adaptation. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 335-358 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: family business system; divorce; disruption; ownership regulation; coping strategy; family systems theory; conflict; non-traditional family stages; commitment; motivational cost. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:4:p:335-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ijeoma Pauline Ogbonne Author-X-Name-First: Ijeoma Pauline Author-X-Name-Last: Ogbonne Author-Name: Ambrose Nnaemeka Omeje Author-X-Name-First: Ambrose Nnaemeka Author-X-Name-Last: Omeje Author-Name: J. Tochukwu Omenma Author-X-Name-First: J. Tochukwu Author-X-Name-Last: Omenma Title: Utilisation of information and communication technology among informal traders in the local economies in Nigeria Abstract: Information and communication technology (ICT) is changing the face of business among the operators of formal and informal sectors. One school of thought argues that the informal economy is being dragged into the ICT-driven market system by multinational cooperation; while on the other hand, it is the convenience that has lured informal operators to the new market system. Using descriptive statistics method, we investigated the degree of utilisation of ICT by informal traders. We found that the frequency of ICT use among informal traders is high, while there is a significant influence of mobile phones, online banking services and waybill use on the reduction of cost of business transactions on the part informal traders. Although, ICT infrastructure has enhanced local economies, the poor quality of networks and limited coverage networks to a few rural communities are constraining factors in Nigeria. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 211-234 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: information and communication technology; ICT; informal trade; entrepreneurship; local economy; Nigeria. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:3:p:211-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammed Iqbal Al-Ajlouni Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Iqbal Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Ajlouni Title: Predicting entrepreneurial intentions among postgraduate students using the theory of planned behaviour: Jordan case Abstract: The current study used the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict the intentions toward the entrepreneurship and identify insignificant antecedents for these intentions. The study targeted postgraduate students majoring in business and finance schools in the two top universities in Jordan. Through purposive sampling and completion of a self-administrated questionnaire, (308) respondents were included in the sample. Adopting a quantitative descriptive approach and structural equation modelling (SEM) with the use of partial least squares, results reported that TPB predicted (41%) of variance in respondents' intentions: attitudes toward behaviour and subjective norms (SN) were seen to be moderate-level significant antecedents, while perceived behavioural control (PBC) was seen to be an insignificant antecedent; moreover, the entrepreneurship education programs (EEP) significantly influenced the three antecedents. Following the results, implications and suggestions are discussed; directions for further research are suggested. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 235-255 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship; intentions; entrepreneurship education programs; EEP; theory of planned behaviour; TPB; postgraduate students; developing economies; Jordan. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119229 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:3:p:235-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samia Kargwell Author-X-Name-First: Samia Author-X-Name-Last: Kargwell Title: The impact of horizontal revolution on small and medium size enterprises owned by women: the context of the UAE Abstract: In the forthcoming few years, the UAE would expect to experience a growth in the number of female entrepreneurs. There is stable increase rate of women business owners according to Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Therefore, the way businesses communicate with customers has changed drastically and become horizontal communication with consumers. A self-completion questionnaires were distributed to 150 female entrepreneurs and sophisticated SPSS was use to analyse the data. The implications will be useful for decision makers to provide facilities to increase the number of women entrepreneurs to escalate their contribution to the economy of the UAE. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 256-273 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: social media; horizontal revolution; women; entrepreneurship; UAE. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:3:p:256-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ashish Badola Author-X-Name-First: Ashish Author-X-Name-Last: Badola Author-Name: Rakesh Kumar Agrawal Author-X-Name-First: Rakesh Kumar Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal Title: Discovering an entrepreneur's journey from idea to reality: a phenomenological study Abstract: Entrepreneurship is one of the key elements in India's economic and socio-economic growth. In an effort to discover new dimensions of the entrepreneurship process that transforms an idea to reality this study attempts to adopt a qualitative approach to identify the dimensions. The study finds that non-availability of level playing field, opportunity relationship and inadequate tapping of skill set plays significant role during an entrepreneurial action. The final outcome is contingent upon trust and mutual understanding throughout the entire process. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 274-297 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: entrepreneurship; Indian context; venture creation; qualitative study; phenomenology; manufacturing industry; opportunity recognition. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:3:p:274-297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdullah Promise Opute Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Promise Author-X-Name-Last: Opute Author-Name: Nnamdi O. Madichie Author-X-Name-First: Nnamdi O. Author-X-Name-Last: Madichie Author-Name: Sirak Berhe Hagos Author-X-Name-First: Sirak Berhe Author-X-Name-Last: Hagos Author-Name: Jafar Ojra Author-X-Name-First: Jafar Author-X-Name-Last: Ojra Title: Entrepreneurship behaviour of African minorities in the UK: 'demystifying cultural influence' Abstract: The purpose of this study is to illuminate the role of culture (and feed in factors) on entrepreneurial orientation using a case illustration of two African social communities in the UK. The study uses a combination of in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 18 African (Nigerian and Eritrean) entrepreneurs in the UK, to understand their psychological mindset, critical cultural artefacts, and entrepreneurial orientation influence. While the criticality of the cultural influence is observed to be pronounced in both social groups, the extent of family influence, age-based generational differences, individualism/collectivism propensity, acculturation propensity and extended implication with regards to the utilisation of the various forms of capital (social, human and financial) and entrepreneurial performance, were found to be highly contingent upon the post-conventional culture artefacts. The limited focus on social groups explored, and the qualitative research design of the study are key limitations that could be interrogated further using quantitative research design protocols. The study may also be further developed by exploring additional culture artefacts beyond those conceptualised in this study, as these may influence entrepreneurial activity in other cultural enclaves. Journal: Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Pages: 298-322 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2021 Keywords: ethnic minority businesses; EMB; mixed-embeddedness; culture and acculturation; forms of capital; family influence; war history; colonialism; UK. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=119232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijesbu:v:44:y:2021:i:3:p:298-322