Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shubhangi Singh Author-X-Name-First: Shubhangi Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Author-Name: Marshal M. Sahni Author-X-Name-First: Marshal M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sahni Author-Name: Raj K. Kovid Author-X-Name-First: Raj K. Author-X-Name-Last: Kovid Title: Exploring trust and responsiveness as antecedents for intention to use FinTech services Abstract: FinTech is an emerging paradigm in financial services industry which is becoming the additional source of revenue generation not only for banking companies but also for telecommunication and retail companies. Despite the numerous benefits of FinTech, its acceptance with users is not as per the industry expectations. This can be attributed to various factors such as lack of trust or responsiveness in available FinTech services. The objective of our research is to explore the antecedents of intention to use namely, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived trust and responsiveness. These factors were empirically assessed by survey of 439 FinTech users. Exploratory factor analysis was done to extract relevant factors. Structural equation modelling was done to examine model fit and hypotheses testing. The analysis shows that usefulness and ease of use have direct effect on intention to use. Trust and responsiveness have indirect effect on intention to use and is mediated by usefulness and ease of use. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 254-268 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: perceived usefulness; perceived ease of use; FinTech; TAM; technology acceptance model; intention to use; trust; responsiveness. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:254-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ittika Takkar Author-X-Name-First: Ittika Author-X-Name-Last: Takkar Author-Name: Shalini Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Shalini Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Title: Impact of e-commerce on India's exports and investment Abstract: E-commerce has become an important mode of trade, both domestically and internationally. E-commerce provides a platform for exchange of goods and services and thus directly alters the cost of trade and profits of firms, while simultaneously, generates a demand for a different set of skilled managers and creates opportunities for increasing investment and thereby affects the volume of domestic and international trade and in-turn affects the overall level of output and employment in an economy. There are empirical evidences on how certain developed countries like UK, USA, earlier, and lately developing countries like China, have leveraged e-commerce to enhance international trade. This paper attempts to contribute to the literature by studying the impact of e-commerce on India's international trade, especially exports, and investment which in-turn impact the level of output/gross domestic product (GDP) and employment in the country. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 206-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: e-commerce; internet; trade; exports; investment; growth; GDP; gross domestic product; India; trade flows. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:206-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rupali Misra Author-X-Name-First: Rupali Author-X-Name-Last: Misra Author-Name: Puneeta Goel Author-X-Name-First: Puneeta Author-X-Name-Last: Goel Title: An experimental investigation of trust and reciprocity in double-shot investment games Abstract: When there are multiple interactions between two individuals, trust and reciprocal behaviour are guided by the plausible cost of risking future collaborations. However, in case of single transaction, there is no risk of retaliation. We examine this through two investment experiments - the original Berg et al. (1995) investment game and a modified version which emulates a protocol to capture trust and reciprocal behaviour of paired subjects through double interactions. Double interaction subjects display higher level of trust and reciprocity than single interaction subjects. Women are more strategic than men and are more trusting and trustworthy. Reciprocity is also identified as a determinant of trust. Another important contribution of the study is importance of recent behaviour in guiding final reciprocal action. This is the first paper where double-shot interaction has been introduced to study trust and reciprocal behaviour in an experimental setting. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 269-286 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: investment game; trust; reciprocity; double-interaction game; gender; experiment. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:269-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khairul Anuar Mohammad Shah Author-X-Name-First: Khairul Anuar Mohammad Author-X-Name-Last: Shah Author-Name: Hazril Izwar Ibrahim Author-X-Name-First: Hazril Izwar Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim Author-Name: Nurliyana Maludin Author-X-Name-First: Nurliyana Author-X-Name-Last: Maludin Author-Name: Zurina Ismail Author-X-Name-First: Zurina Author-X-Name-Last: Ismail Title: Attitude towards foreign product purchase: Malaysian consumers' perspective Abstract: The current research examined Malaysian consumers' attitudes towards foreign product purchase. Specifically, the study investigated the consumers' attitude, which is characterised by boycott, animosity, ethnocentrism, patriotism, and world- mindedness towards foreign made products. The study also examined how these constructs can affect consumers' foreign product judgment and willingness to purchase such products. In total, 512 responses were collected from the states of Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka and Terengganu. The goodness of fit analysis and hypotheses testing were performed using SEM-PLS software. The findings exhibited that consumer patriotism and consumer world-mindedness mediated the relationship between product judgement and purchase willingness. The results also indicated that consumers with attitude of animosity and ethnocentrism negatively perceived foreign made products and consumers with world-mindedness attitude positively perceived foreign made products. As expected, only world-mindedness was positively related to purchase willingness. Finally, discussion for future direction and managerial implications are highlighted. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 533-549 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: consumer attitudes; purchase willingness; product judgement; foreign made products; Malaysia; consumer boycott; consumer animosity; consumer ethnocentrism; consumer patriotism; consumer world mindedness; product judgement; consumer attitude; willingness to purchase; Malaysian consumers. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:533-549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Prapatsorn Suetrong Author-X-Name-First: Prapatsorn Author-X-Name-Last: Suetrong Author-Name: Guilherme D. Pires Author-X-Name-First: Guilherme D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pires Title: Brand liking and consumer gratitude effects on consumer-brand love relationships and repurchase intention Abstract: This paper extends understanding of consumer-brand love relationships by examining the effects of brand likeability and consumer gratitude, as antecedents of brand love, on brand love creation and consumer repurchase intention. This is examined for service-products characterised relative to the dominance of their intangible elements, hence accounting for their search, experience and credence qualities. Using PLS-SEM and empirical data from an online survey, results indicate that brand likeability and consumer gratitude are directly related, and both constructs are positively associated with brand love for the three types of service-products, such that consumer gratitude is a significant mediator in the relationship between brand likeability and brand love. Examining brand likeability and gratitude effects on brand love narrows the knowledge gap in the brand love literature leading to important managerial implications, allowing for the development of effective brand strategies for strengthening consumer repurchase intention. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 458-480 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: consumer-brand love relationship; gratitude; likeability; repurchase intention; service-product category. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:458-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Konstantin Muenchau Author-X-Name-First: Konstantin Author-X-Name-Last: Muenchau Author-Name: Augustin Suessmair Author-X-Name-First: Augustin Author-X-Name-Last: Suessmair Title: The economic and psychological effects of cash transfers in development cooperation Abstract: Against the backdrop of increasing popularity as an instrument of international development cooperation, our paper examines the economic and psychological effects of cash transfers. At this moment, this paper specifically focuses on the reaction of local markets and the structural conditions for a successful implementation as well as the effects of cash-transfers on their recipients' self-esteem and on the self-actualisation of women in developing countries. While the data was collected via semi-standardised guideline interviews with experts, the interpretation was carried out in accordance with Philipp Mayring's qualitative content analysis. Our study finds that cash transfers seldomly cause inflationary effects while they particularly require functioning markets, existing value chains and fulfilment of governmental support functions for a successful implementation. While the impact of cash transfers on the psychological constructs in question is generally assessed positively by the interviewed experts, several implications and potential psychological downsides are addressed. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 433-457 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: development cooperation; cash transfer; unconditional cash transfer programs; cash benchmark; impact evaluation; income; poverty alleviation; direct investment; human capital. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:433-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wei Xue Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Xue Author-Name: Yijie Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yijie Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Qianwen Xu Author-X-Name-First: Qianwen Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Victor Chang Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Towards the innovation of high-tech small-medium enterprises (SMEs): the interview approach Abstract: With the fierce competition in the global market, the Chinese government pays more and more attention to the innovation of small-medium enterprises (SMEs), especially to the innovation activities of high-tech SMEs. The research concludes the model-factors influencing the innovation of SMEs, which is based on the past literature research and collect the primary information through the face to face interview. In this research, 50 employees from 10 SMEs around Suzhou, including 10 officers from the government, were interviewed. The research result indicated that the key factors influencing the innovation of SMEs are government incentive policies, entrepreneurship, competition, and demand from the market. And based on the research result, the paper constructs the SMEs innovation model (SIM), which would be used for further research. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 503-532 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; innovation; high-tech; interview approach; economics in Suzhou. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115506 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:503-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcelo P. Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo P. Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Author-Name: Fernando Carvalho Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Carvalho Title: Institutional distance and foreign direct investment: an asymmetric approach Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of distance asymmetries on Portuguese inward foreign direct investment (FDI) from relatively more, and less, developed countries through the lenses of institutional distance. We developed a panel dataset composed of 35 origins of Portuguese FDI during the period 2003-2015 and analysed it through a series of multiple regression techniques. Results suggest that, when investing in Portugal, countries with lower levels of development are not affected by distance variations. Conversely, it seems that FDI from more developed countries is influenced by several dimensions of distance. This paper contributes to the understanding of asymmetries in institutional distance, emphasising the need for purely asymmetric distance constructs in IB research. Also, it provides the framework for assessing asymmetries with traditional, absolute measured, distance constructs. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 481-502 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: asymmetries; country development; cross national distance; distance; distance asymmetries; FDI; foreign direct investment; multiple regressions; panel data; Portugal. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=115507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:481-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Subhakara Valluri Author-X-Name-First: Subhakara Author-X-Name-Last: Valluri Title: Examination of the relationship between different commodity indices Abstract: Our research aims to examine the relationship between sub-indices of the Standard & Poor's Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (SP-GSCI). Past research focussed on analysing the individual commodity sectors like agriculture, energy, or precious metals. There is no significant research done by analysing the links between commodity sub-sectors. S&P GSCI Agriculture Index, Energy Index, and Precious Metals Index with daily values from October 2001 till December 2016 are taken for the regression analysis. Toda and Yamamoto (1995) procedure is used to find the causal links between commodity sectors like agriculture, energy, and precious metals. In our analysis, the price movement in the energy index is affecting both the agricultural index and the precious metals index. The price movement in the agricultural index is also affecting the precious metals index. Neither the agricultural index nor the precious metals index is driving the price of the energy index. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 92-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: commodity markets; commodity indices; causal analysis; Toda and Yamamoto (1995) procedure; Wald statistic; VAR; vector autoregression; S&P GSCI Index; SGK; S&P GSCI Agriculture Index; SGJ; S&P GSCI Energy Index; SGP; S&P GSCI Precious Metals Index. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116289 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:92-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Himanshu Goel Author-X-Name-First: Himanshu Author-X-Name-Last: Goel Author-Name: Narinder Pal Singh Author-X-Name-First: Narinder Pal Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Title: Analysing interlinkages of Indian stock market with other emerging Asian markets Abstract: This study aims to analyse the international linkage of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex with the fastest emerging markets namely China, Korea, and Taiwan. The results of the Johansen cointegration test reveal that there exist no significant cointegration among the selected markets. Granger causality test reveals unidirectional causality running from India to China and bidirectional causality between India and Korea. However, no significant short run causality was found between India and Taiwan. The results of forecasted error variance decomposition (FEVD) and impulse response function (IRF) reveal that the Indian and Chinese stock markets are majorly impacted by their own shocks whereas the stock markets of Korea and Taiwan are significantly affected by shocks in BSE as well. The results of this study may prove significant for retail investors, portfolio managers, foreign institutional investors and high networth individuals in designing the optimal portfolio. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 75-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: cointegration; causality; Sensex; international linkage; variance decomposition; FEVD; forecasted error variance decomposition; emerging markets; IRF; impulse response function; BSE; Bombay Stock Exchange; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116291 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:75-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Haochen Guo Author-X-Name-First: Haochen Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Title: Impact of Chinese ADRs: case study of MAPPAC method analysing China dual listing companies in the US equity market Abstract: China concepts stock is the stock in a company that operates in mainland China, and incorporated overseas, giving Chinese businesses access to foreign investment. In the US equity market, investors may have seen China concepts stock listed on the NYSE, NASDAQ, NYSE MKT take the form of American Depositary Receipt (ADR) instead of common stock. The motivation of this paper case by historically Chinese stock exchanges have been closed to foreign investment, which has driven businesses to form China concepts stock. As the country develops its capital markets, China's concepts stocks are expected to be a key driver to China's economic growth. This paper contributes to present the Chinese ADR has higher value investment scarcity and help new economic companies obtain reasonable valuations on the US equity market with more mature, investors are more rational and more suitable for long-term investment and value investment. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 21-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: China concept stocks; ADR; American Depositary Receipt; dual listing; equity market; equity market liberalisation; MAPPAC method. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:21-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jing Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Author-Name: Shaokang Wang Author-X-Name-First: Shaokang Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: The dynamics of firm industry-switching decision: learning from peers Abstract: We run logistic regressions on US firms from 1987 to 2015 to investigate the industry-switching decisions under four industry classifications. Our findings show firms enter new industries following positive abnormal returns in those industries. Managers assign greater weights to peer valuation when the information content in peer prices is larger and vice versa. Matching sample analysis also confirms our finding. The evidence is consistent with the learning from peer hypothesis. Higher peer valuation in the new industry signals better outlook in that market. Managers incorporate peer valuation into their information set, and it increases the probability of an industry-switching decision. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 38-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: industry-switching decision; managerial learning; learning from peers; information content. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:38-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yusarina Mat-Isa Author-X-Name-First: Yusarina Author-X-Name-Last: Mat-Isa Author-Name: Zuraidah Mohd-Sanusi Author-X-Name-First: Zuraidah Author-X-Name-Last: Mohd-Sanusi Author-Name: Siti-Sahirda Sabri Author-X-Name-First: Siti-Sahirda Author-X-Name-Last: Sabri Author-Name: Paul A. Barnes Author-X-Name-First: Paul A. Author-X-Name-Last: Barnes Title: Money laundering risk judgement and decision-making: influences of customer due diligence process and bank employees' expertise Abstract: This study examines the influence of customer due diligence (CDD) process and bank employees' expertise on their judgement and decision making when assessing money laundering risk. The authors utilised an experimental approach where a case-based questionnaire was gathered from 122 employees in three major banks in Malaysia. Results indicated a significant relationship between the extent of the CDD process with bank employees' judgement and decision-making in assessing money laundering risk. This relationship is moderated by employees expertise, which indicates that it is crucial for the right employees with suitable qualifications to be employed as CDD process can be done better with enhanced articulation and informed judgement. The findings could provide useful insights into the judgement capabilities of bank employees with reference to the rigorousness of the CDD process and their expertise in assessing risk. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: money laundering; risk judgement; decision-making; CDD; customer due diligence; banks; expertise; experimental approach; case-based questionnaire; risk. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hung Chan Author-X-Name-First: Hung Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Author-Name: Kevin Hee Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Hee Author-Name: Jundong Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jundong Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Abnormal audit fees and stock price crash risk Abstract: This paper aims to interpret abnormal audit fees by examining the effect of earnings smoothing strategies and auditor specialisation on the association between abnormal audit fees and stock price crash risk. We estimate ordinary least squares fixed effects regression models to examine the association between stock price crash risk and accrual-based and real earnings smoothness, unexplained audit fees, and their interaction terms. The results provide the support that: a) if abnormal audit fees proxy for increased audit effort, then increased audit effort is effective at mitigating accrual-based earnings smoothing crash risk; b) the mitigation is limited to highquality/industry specialist auditors; c) the higher abnormal audit fees are actually a risk premium to compensate auditors for crash risk associated with non-accrual-based earnings management. The study adds to the debate of whether abnormal audit fees proxy for auditor quality, auditor effort, the economic relationship between auditor and client, or risk premium. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 54-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: abnormal audit fees; accrual smoothing; real smoothing; crash risk; audit quality. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:54-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Swetarupa Chatterjee Author-X-Name-First: Swetarupa Author-X-Name-Last: Chatterjee Author-Name: Naman Sreen Author-X-Name-First: Naman Author-X-Name-Last: Sreen Author-Name: Pradip Sadarangani Author-X-Name-First: Pradip Author-X-Name-Last: Sadarangani Title: An exploratory study identifying motives and barriers to ethical consumption for young Indian consumers Abstract: In recent times, there has been a huge uproar in the media about ethical consumerism. Ethical products can help corporations to build positive brand image and improve bottom line and can help consumers feel proud by contributing to the well-being of people, planet and animals. The purpose of this study is to check the drivers and the barriers of ethical consumption. The study incorporates focus group discussions (FGDs) for learning about the factors propelling the growth of the consumption of ethical products, as well as those that are hindering the growth. We identified personal values, habit, social guilt, separate categorisation of ethical products in retail stores, need for a certification, source credibility and government policies as the motivators of ethical consumption. We identified dearth of knowledge, wilful ignorance, high price, and green scepticism (or cynicism), tragedy of commons, quality of the product and the product category as barriers to ethical consumption. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 127-148 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: ethical consumption; barriers; motives; FGD; focus group discussion; millennial. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:127-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naman Sreen Author-X-Name-First: Naman Author-X-Name-Last: Sreen Author-Name: Swetarupa Chatterjee Author-X-Name-First: Swetarupa Author-X-Name-Last: Chatterjee Author-Name: Pradip Sadarangani Author-X-Name-First: Pradip Author-X-Name-Last: Sadarangani Title: Eco-friendly products purchase intention: a comparison of theory of planned behaviour and social cognitive theory Abstract: The present study uses theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and social cognitive theory (SCT) to examine the eco-friendly purchase intentions of individuals. This study also examines the role of knowledge as a predictor and as a moderator in the theories inspected for determining individual's eco-friendly purchase intention. Data is collected in India using a survey method from 456 respondents. AMOS 25.0 and SPSS 16.0 is used to anlayse the data to ensure reliability, validity, and model fit, and to compare the theories. The results of the study indicate that TPB is a better predictor of eco-friendly purchasing intentions than SCT. Additionally, knowledge significantly influenced eco-friendly purchase intentions directly (i.e., as an extension variable in both theories) but failed as a moderator to significantly influence the relationships in the theories. These results provide empirical guidelines to policymakers and practitioners for promoting eco-friendly products. Finally, future directions for taking this research forward are discussed. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 149-173 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: TPB; theory of planned behaviour; SCT; social cognitive theory; knowledge; eco-friendly purchase intention. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:149-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Priyanka Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Priyanka Author-Name: Sumit Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Sumit Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Author-Name: Akhilesh Tiwari Author-X-Name-First: Akhilesh Author-X-Name-Last: Tiwari Title: Managing employee turnover: findings from the AHP model Abstract: The confluence of economic liberalisation, globalisation, and rapid technological change during recent past has driven the industries to capitalise on possession of unique and inimitable resources so as to gain the competitive edge in the fiercely competitive landscape. Needless to say, it is the human resource which is responsible for effective utilisation of all the physical resources. The study is an attempt to compare and evaluate the relative significance of myriad HR issues leading to a better management of the employee turnover problem. To attain the objective analytical hierarchy process was used. The factors in the decreasing order of their importance were: compensation and reward mechanism, nature of work, career growth, camaraderie and communication. The study opens up new outlooks for research related to employee retention in retail and another related sector. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 219-239 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: retail industry; turnover; retention; AHP; analytical hierarchy process; organised retail; human resource; Saaty scale; quantitative research. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:219-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adel M. Sarea Author-X-Name-First: Adel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sarea Author-Name: Azam Khalid Author-X-Name-First: Azam Author-X-Name-Last: Khalid Author-Name: Amanuddin Bin Shamsuddin Author-X-Name-First: Amanuddin Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin Author-Name: Iqbal Hawaldar Author-X-Name-First: Iqbal Author-X-Name-Last: Hawaldar Author-Name: Zakir Hossen Author-X-Name-First: Zakir Author-X-Name-Last: Hossen Title: Online financial reporting disclosure in Islamic banking: evidence from Bahrain Abstract: This study aims to investigate the level of disclosure of Islamic banking in Bahrain by the web-based disclosure. The web-based disclosure method was implemented to determine the quantity of "the level of web-based disclosure of Islamic banks in Bahrain" by using an index that consists of 90 items. The findings of the 'descriptive analysis' indicated that the overall level of web-based disclosure was 73.3%. The regression results showed a "positive relationship between the independent variables (firm size, age, and profitability) and the level of web-based disclosure". The results of this paper help the "Islamic banking in Bahrain" to increase the level of web-based disclosure to reach full online financial reporting disclosure (OFRD) to satisfy the stakeholders. The outcomes of this study will be useful elsewhere. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 311-327 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: web-based disclosure; financial reporting; level of disclosure; banking sector; Islamic banking; Bahrain. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118378 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:311-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pankaj Kumar Singh Author-X-Name-First: Pankaj Kumar Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Author-Name: Makhmoor Bashir Author-X-Name-First: Makhmoor Author-X-Name-Last: Bashir Author-Name: Anees Ahmad Author-X-Name-First: Anees Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad Title: Role of top management in business model innovation due to technological changes in emerging market Abstract: To study the role of top management in business model innovation due to technological changes 14 interviews were conducted with the top management of multinational firms in India. The duration of interviews ranged from 30 to 60 min with an average time of 40 min per interview. The study has used a phenomenological approach for the analysis of qualitative data. The findings from the study highlighted the role of top management in business model innovation under four headings. First, when the change is incremental top management has to act as a sponsor of the change. Second, when the change is radical top management has to go for overhauling of the entire business model. Third, when the change is architectural, top management has to trigger the search for a new business model. Fourth, when the change is of Knightian Uncertainty top management has to look for the options of either a merger or acquisitions. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 203-218 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: business model innovation; technological change; phenomenology; approach; emerging market. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:203-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gyan Prakash Author-X-Name-First: Gyan Author-X-Name-Last: Prakash Title: Does organic food consumption matter to young consumers? A study on young consumers of India Abstract: After independence Indian lifestyle has gone through numerous changes. Indian consumers are welcoming different food options with not only ease in preparation also in the purchase. However, still, food researchers are analysing the factors affecting and helping the consumer in choosing organic food products. To understand this current research was conducted on the young consumers of India. Data of 288 students were analysed with the help of structural equation modelling (SEM). The present study found that among all factors, health concern is highly affecting the purchase intention of young consumers. Other factors as environmental concern, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and willingness to pay (WTP) premium also significantly affect the purchase intention of young consumers. As per the managerial implication concern, the present paper can help managers in promoting organic and environmentally safe foods. This paper will help the managers in the reduction of ecological footprints. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 174-186 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: organic food products; purchase intention; TPB; theory of planned behaviour; Indian consumers. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:174-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pallavi Pandey Author-X-Name-First: Pallavi Author-X-Name-Last: Pandey Title: Does commuting drive employee turnover? A select case of women employed in the Indian retail industry Abstract: Employee turnover is severe problem in the Indian retail industry. Although a good number of studies have focused on turnover models and theories they have rarely assessed effect of off job mechanisms on organisational outcomes. The present study tested a model that proposed commuting stress has direct and indirect effect on job satisfaction and intention to quit through inter-role conflicts among low wage working women in the Indian retail industry and thus the reduced participation. The findings indicated that commuting stress is directly and indirectly related to turnover intention and job satisfaction whereas; inter-role conflicts partially mediated the proposed relationships. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 187-202 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: commute stress; turnover intention; job satisfaction; Indian retail industry; women employees; inter-role conflicts; mediation. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:187-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pini Davidov Author-X-Name-First: Pini Author-X-Name-Last: Davidov Author-Name: Shlomo Globerson Author-X-Name-First: Shlomo Author-X-Name-Last: Globerson Title: Content modification in operation management over the last three decades Abstract: The objective of this research is to carry out a content analysis of operation management (OM) textbooks during the last three decades. Three sets of 11 textbooks each were included. The sets are compared in terms of the major topics represented. Detailed analysis of the textbooks identified 21 core OM topics, six methodological topics and six other general topics. Findings show that coverage of some OM related topics, were changed significantly over time, as well as the extent of coverage intensity. Also, a significant drop in the coverage intensity of methodological topics such as linear programming, queuing and simulation was identified. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 407-422 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: operations management; content; modification; textbook. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118396 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:407-422 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akansha Singh Author-X-Name-First: Akansha Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Author-Name: Govind Swaroop Pathak Author-X-Name-First: Govind Swaroop Author-X-Name-Last: Pathak Title: Revisiting marketing strategy in emerging markets: a study of Amazon.com Inc. Abstract: Emerging markets (EMs) offer huge business opportunities for multinational corporations (MNCs). Owing to such a situation, EMs are gaining serious attention from the marketers. This call for an exploration of suitable marketing approaches by MNCs in order to gain competitive advantage in EMs. The present study concerns itself with the marketing strategy of an MNC (Amazon) in order to enter and expand its business operation in an EM (India). Adopting the quantitative approach to research, the authors collected primary data with the help of specifically finalised questionnaire for the study. Analysis was performed using SPSS software. The study reveals interesting findings regarding consumer's attitude towards Amazon India. Apart from theoretical contribution, the present study offers insights for the marketers regarding the processes in which the prevailing socio-economic conditions in India can be utilised as an opportunity. Lastly, the limitations and avenues for further research are provided. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 113-126 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: marketing strategies; business social alliances; internet marketing; emerging market; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:113-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Hussein Alrefai Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed Hussein Author-X-Name-Last: Alrefai Title: Is refugee influx a cause of economic vulnerability: an empirical study of Jordan (1990-2018) Abstract: Jordan received thousands of refugees over the last 30 years. Engulfed by regional turbulence, holding limited resources and reliant on foreign aid, Jordan stands vulnerable towards external shocks. Given such volatility, this study will examine how refugees affect the real per capita income, per capita government spending and unemployment. This will be done using vector autoregression (VAR) model. The data used accounts for a time series annual data for the period of 1990-2018, obtained from Computer and Enterprise Investigations Conference (CEIC) census and Jordan's Department of Statistics. The study found that there is no causality between refugee influx and the unemployment rate, per capita income and per capita government spending. These results indicate that refugee intake may not be a crippling element on Jordan as capital inflow from donors, humanitarian agencies and the assistance in cash and kind may compensate Jordan's public. Further, refugees usually work in informal sectors in which Jordanians are reluctant to accept. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 394-406 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: refugees; Jordan economy; economic vulnerability; host country; granger causality; co-integration; Jordan. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118397 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:394-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tavishi Tewary Author-X-Name-First: Tavishi Author-X-Name-Last: Tewary Author-Name: Ashish Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Ashish Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Author-Name: Vaibhav Mishra Author-X-Name-First: Vaibhav Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra Author-Name: Jitender Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Jitender Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Title: Young working women's purchase intention towards organic cosmetic products Abstract: This paper aims to assess the influence of awareness of the consumers regarding individual health and environmental health, price sensitivity, availability of the brands that are organic in nature on the consumers attitude towards purchasing organic cosmetic products. The sample was collected from 166 young working women. Furthermore, the conceptual model is tested through factor analysis, and the model is designed through path analysis in which PLS algorithm is used. The results of the study indicate a significant impact of environmental and health consciousness on the attitude of young working women consumers towards purchasing organic cosmetic products. The findings of this study could help businesses operating in the organic personal care or cosmetic industry by giving the psychology and attitude of the major cluster of target customers to grab the market. This research provides valuable recommendations for social media marketing activities. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 256-277 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: young women; organic; cosmetics; purchase intention; attitude; environmental consciousness; brand; availability; price consciousness; diversification. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:256-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Preshita Neha Tudu Author-X-Name-First: Preshita Neha Author-X-Name-Last: Tudu Author-Name: Vaibhav Mishra Author-X-Name-First: Vaibhav Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra Title: To buy or not to buy green: the moderating role of price and availability of eco-friendly products on green purchase intention Abstract: The purpose of the study is to empirically investigate the relationship between environmental concern and environmental knowledge on consumers' intention to buy green products in Indian context. Based on 220 samples, the study also tries to find out the moderating effect of price and availability of eco-friendly products on intention of consumers' to buy green. The result showed that the price of green products weakens the positive relationship between environmental concern, environmental knowledge and Indian consumers' intention to buy green products. Further, availably of the green products strengthen the positive relationship between environmental concern, environmental knowledge and Indian consumers' intention to buy green products. The results from this study help explain the attitude-behaviour gap in green consumption behaviour: why consumers may have an intention to behave in an environmentally friendly way but then do not engage in the actual behaviours. It gives insights to devise marketing strategies to encourage consumers' green buying behaviour. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 240-255 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: purchasing behaviour; behaviour intention; green products; eco-friendly; price; availability. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:240-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daiva Jurevičienė Author-X-Name-First: Daiva Author-X-Name-Last: Jurevičienė Author-Name: Viktorija Skvarciany Author-X-Name-First: Viktorija Author-X-Name-Last: Skvarciany Author-Name: Ksenija Kravec Author-X-Name-First: Ksenija Author-X-Name-Last: Kravec Title: Assessment of reputational risk impact on commercial banks financial performance Abstract: The current study aims to determine criteria linked to a bank's reputation and evaluate the effect of reputation on the commercial bank's performance. In order to estimate the impact of reputation on a commercial bank's performance, the expert evaluation method was chosen. The research was conducted in two steps: first, the unstructured (informal) interview was applied to extract the factors; second, the multicriteria decision methods such as simple additive weighting (SAW), complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) and geometric mean were employed for evaluating the determined factors. The research results showed that the weakest position of the commercial bank in terms of reputational risk implied the performance efficiency decrease. The conducted research contribute to the scientific literature by providing a methodology for assessing the impact of reputational risk on commercial bank's performance. However, the methodology could be applied to those banks that do not provide services for individual customers but work with business clients only. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 62-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: reputation; reputational risk; multicriteria decision-making methods (MCDM); SAW; simple additive weighting; COPRAS; complex proportional assessment; banking. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:62-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gema Goeyardi Author-X-Name-First: Gema Author-X-Name-Last: Goeyardi Author-Name: Hamdy Hady Author-X-Name-First: Hamdy Author-X-Name-Last: Hady Author-Name: Imam Ghozali Author-X-Name-First: Imam Author-X-Name-Last: Ghozali Title: Financial analysis method based on astrology, Fibonacci, and Astronacci to find a date of direction inversion: JCI and future gold prices (empirical study of the JCI-IDX and gold prices, period of 2008-2017) Abstract: The purpose of this research is to analyse and obtain empirical evidence knowing the exact time to be predicted determining the reversal date of the Jakarta composite index (JCI) price and Gold prices can use the method of astrology, Fibonacci, Astronacci. The method used in this research is descriptive and explanatory methods. Descriptive method is used to make steps astrology, Fibonacci, and Astronacci methods to find the reversal date of the JCI and the price of Gold in the future. While the explanatory method is used to apply astrology, Fibonacci, and Astronacci methods using historical data (in 2008-2017), JCI and Gold prices. Data used in this study for 1 decade is 1 January, 2008 to 31 December, 2017. Based on the three methods, the reversal opportunity of both the JCI and the highest Gold price using the Astronacci method rather than astrology or Fibonacci alone. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 290-310 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: astrology; Astronacci; bearish; bullish; reversal; Fibonacci; gold; JCI; Jakarta composite index; IDX; time. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:290-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neha Parveen Author-X-Name-First: Neha Author-X-Name-Last: Parveen Author-Name: Md. Safiullah Author-X-Name-First: Md. Author-X-Name-Last: Safiullah Title: Twitter and radio indicators of election outcomes: a study of Indian elections Abstract: The influential role of Twitter and Radio place in affecting the election results around the world. Politicians, political scientists, and journalists often debate the role of Twitter and Radio in voter manipulation during elections. The purpose of this study is to investigate the hypothesis that the more a particular media (i.e., Twitter and Government-owned Radio channel "All India Radio") outlet promotes a political party, the more likely voter will vote that specific party. In other words, political parties with the highest Radio broadcast time and high Twitter buzz will get more votes. For the present study, the volume of 'Twitter buzz' and 'Radio' broadcast time allocated to six political parties are considered. The result indicated that election campaign and promotion through Radio channel and on Twitter has positive and significant impact on parties' vote gain during the 2014 Indian General elections. Further, the predictive power of Radio is found more influential than Twitter. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 278-289 Issue: 2/3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: election prediction; radio; twitter; political marketing; election campaign; big data; social media. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=116354 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:2/3:p:278-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilze Zariņa Author-X-Name-First: Ilze Author-X-Name-Last: Zariņa Author-Name: Irina Voronova Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Voronova Author-Name: Gaida Pettere Author-X-Name-First: Gaida Author-X-Name-Last: Pettere Title: Alternative capital requirement for insurers: possibilities and issues Abstract: Solvency II framework regulates how much capital the insurance companies of the European Union must hold. Although the framework lasts four years, there is still place for improvements considering experience. The goals of the research are to propose an alternative capital model methodology using copulas for reserve risk and to show the case study of potential capital shift impact. To conduct the research, the authors have used the extensive literature review, analytical methods and modelling. Research scope is non-life insurance companies under the Solvency II framework with a focus on reserve risk. The research will help avoid that alternative models are only a modern risk management tool and add risk management reality. Higher capital surplus can be achieved if a copula approach is used for risk aggregation in the Baltic non-life market. The Baltic market does not use alternative capital requirement and internal models. Using an alternative model is the right insurer's approach in modern risk management. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 41-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: solvency II; value-at-risk; risk management; insurance; internal model; reserve risk; best estimate; copula; solvency capital requirement; alternative capital requirement; t copula; normal copula; economic modelling. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:41-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Gudelytė Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Gudelytė Title: On the resilience and the risk spillovers in innovation clusters Abstract: In this paper, we provide the determination of systemic risk in a networked structure that appears together with synergistic effect as a result of collaboration in innovation clusters. The interpretation of proposed conceptual model of evaluation of systemic risk can be at least twofold: core-periphery, business entities-R%D institutions, etc. The systemic risk is treated as a generalised risk impacting directly or non-directly the performance of an innovation cluster. The conceptual model of evaluation of systemic risk should be useful for understanding and further treatment of measuring risk in a case of innovation management. Also, the structure and further properties of systemic risk and contagion within innovation cluster are discussed in this paper. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 126-142 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: contagion; structure of innovation cluster; systemic risk; uncertainty; asymmetry; business; model of evaluation; commercialisation. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:126-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jyoti Chauhan Author-X-Name-First: Jyoti Author-X-Name-Last: Chauhan Author-Name: Geeta Mishra Author-X-Name-First: Geeta Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra Title: Barriers to career advancement of women: role of mentoring and networks Abstract: Lower female representation in executive positions has been a concern across the world. However, there have been many barriers faced by women in their career ladder. This study has majorly focused on a few barriers namely; lack of mentoring, exclusion from informal networks, and demographic profile of women, and how all these factors can influence the career advancement of women. This study has collected data using a questionnaire and a final sample of 195 women in the service sector was analysed. Inline to examine the impact, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) have been applied to check for the reliability and validity of data and constructs. Further, multiple regression has been used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results revealed that total experience and managerial position significantly impacts the career advancement of women. Mentoring and exclusion from informal networks are also found partially impacting the career advancement of women. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 369-393 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: barriers; career advancement; mentoring; networks; service industry; Delhi NCR; glass ceiling; career development; leadership. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:369-393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gergő Barta Author-X-Name-First: Gergő Author-X-Name-Last: Barta Author-Name: Gergely Görcsi Author-X-Name-First: Gergely Author-X-Name-Last: Görcsi Title: Risk management considerations for artificial intelligence business applications Abstract: The number of projects and the amount of investment into artificial intelligence (AI) based business process automation is increasing that is also due to research advancements in corresponding fields. To utilise its true power, business organisations shall identify and treat risks arising from AI, that must be reduced to an acceptable level to maintain fraud-free business operation in alignment with external legislative requirements. If risks are not assessed, then AI might cause greater headache resulting in expensive implementation without business benefit. The objective of the paper is to analyse the nature of risk elements that AI can bring to the life of corporations and the countermeasures that shall be implemented by analysing general IT risk assessment processes and the stages of intelligent system development. The article also examines frameworks for AI risk management approaching risks associated with intelligent decision making by providing guidelines of required business processes to be implemented. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 87-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: artificial intelligence; machine learning; IT risk assessment; risk management framework; business process automation. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:87-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iris Lončar Author-X-Name-First: Iris Author-X-Name-Last: Lončar Author-Name: Tonći Svilokos Author-X-Name-First: Tonći Author-X-Name-Last: Svilokos Title: Nexus between assets structure and profitability of Croatian banking system Abstract: Traditionally, in Croatia, as well as in other developing countries, most entities (households and enterprises) with cash surpluses entrust their investment portfolios to banks, instead of investing in securities. Therefore, the question of the profitability of banks' business becomes a key issue, as they do not only meet the interests of their shareholders and management, but also have positive effects on the whole economy. The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of the structure and dynamic of total assets on financial performances on the example of the Republic of Croatia. In order to achieve the main purpose, the cross-section and fixed-effects panel models will be estimated. They will include standard profitability and various assets indices. The results of the analysis show that the level of total assets and especially the level of fixed assets, as well as the share of the other deposits, significantly influence the level of profit after taxation, as well as on return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 107-125 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: Croatian banking industry; assets' structure; profitability; ROA; return on assets; ROE; return on equity; cross-section model; fixed-effects panel model. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:107-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristina Kovaitė Author-X-Name-First: Kristina Author-X-Name-Last: Kovaitė Author-Name: Jelena Stankevičienė Author-X-Name-First: Jelena Author-X-Name-Last: Stankevičienė Title: Risk assessment of business models driven by Industry 4.0 Abstract: Industry 4.0 changes business models and in so doing presents new risks that need to be addressed. Research presented in this paper developed a risk assessment for business model digitisation (RADi) matrix which consists of technical, competences, employee and customer consent, data security, and financial risk. The expert evaluation uses the FARE method as a multi-criteria decision support approach. The results determine which parts of a business model driven by the Industry 4.0 are most affected by different risks. The results indicate the greatest impact is on customer channels, key resources, revenue stream, and customer segments, whilst key partners are the least impacted. Our research demonstrates that the RADi model can be used by firms to identify and plan for critical risks as well as to implement the digitisation of business models. Policymakers will find the RADi approach useful to anticipate risks and prioritise public support and regional development. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: Industry 4.0; digitalisation; risk assessment; business model; multi-criteria methods. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Gaspars-Wieloch Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Gaspars-Wieloch Title: Scenario planning combined with probabilities as a risk management tool - analysis of pros and cons Abstract: Scenario planning and probabilities are often very helpful in uncertain decision problems. In the paper, we examine the correctness of combining probabilities with scenario planning in risk management. We make a literature review and analyse diverse decision problems differing from each other with regard to their nature, the decision maker's objectives and preferences. We explore competition, quality, innovation, resource allocation, inventory and banking issues. The illustrative examples concern both one-criterion and multi-criteria decision problems. We get to the point that scenario planning is an unquestionable support for risk management. Nevertheless, the use of probabilities as an accompanying tool may be necessary and justified merely in some specific cases. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 22-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: scenario planning; probabilities; risk management; risk assessment; uncertainty; payoff matrix; scenarios; decisions; banking; saving rates; spare parts quantity problem; product quality; innovations; coefficient of pessimism. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=112015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:22-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faizah Darus Author-X-Name-First: Faizah Author-X-Name-Last: Darus Author-Name: Haslinda Yusoff Author-X-Name-First: Haslinda Author-X-Name-Last: Yusoff Author-Name: Mustaffa Mohamed Zain Author-X-Name-First: Mustaffa Mohamed Author-X-Name-Last: Zain Author-Name: Aliza Ramli Author-X-Name-First: Aliza Author-X-Name-Last: Ramli Title: Corporate Waqf: a sustainable model of Islamic wealth creation and distribution Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore an enhanced corporate waqf model to be used by organisations so that they can address and help solve social issues, and create wealth for the ummah, specifically in Malaysia. A Tawhidic concept premised on the Quran and Sunnah was used to underpin the development of the proposed corporate waqf model. Content analyses of existing academic literature on Waqf, followed by preliminary semi-structured interviews on groups of Chief Executive Officers, SIRC officers, Islamic Scholars and Academics, were conducted. The key challenges faced by waqf organisations are as follows: i) the development of waqf properties is not economical; and ii) the current waqf model does not support the wealth creation, wealth enhancement and wealth distribution to the ummah. These weaknesses have motivated this study to propose a new corporate waqf model; one that encompasses an enhanced governance structure and management setting. This new model treats waqf as an effective mechanism that can strengthen the economic growth of Malaysia. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 357-368 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: waqf; wealth distribution; Tawhidic; Maqasid Shariah; Maslahah; sustainability. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:357-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor Chang Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: The strategic view: 'South China Sea conflict' based on the view of nationals from different countries Abstract: This paper has investigated 'The South China Sea conflict' based on citizens' views from different countries and compares the territorial disputes. It discusses conflicts in the South China Sea and their implications and resolutions viewed from the International Law and citizens' opinions in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to reach the different nationalities' genuine perceptions of the South China Sea conflicts, including their perceptions of the South China Sea conflict versus the views based on their countries of origin, particularly for Chinese and Filipino. Furthermore, this paper identifies whether peaceful solutions are appropriate based on different nationalities' perceptions. Through a mixed-method with both quantitative method and qualitative approaches, questionnaires, data analysis and interviews are used to investigate in-depth perceptions of 'The South China Sea conflict'. The research objectives, questions, and hypotheses can be verified. The research outcome is then used to compare with previous research conducted by other researchers. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 328-356 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Keywords: The South China Sea conflict; The South China Sea development; different nationalities' perceptions on the conflict; peaceful resolutions; surveys and discussions on the conflict. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:328-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tran Trung Vinh Author-X-Name-First: Tran Trung Author-X-Name-Last: Vinh Author-Name: Truong Ba Thanh Author-X-Name-First: Truong Ba Author-X-Name-Last: Thanh Author-Name: Nguyen Hoang Ngan Author-X-Name-First: Nguyen Hoang Author-X-Name-Last: Ngan Author-Name: Tran Thi Kim Phuong Author-X-Name-First: Tran Thi Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Phuong Title: The impact of word of mouth on brand equity: a case study from the sportswear market in Vietnam Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to explore the influence of word of mouth (WOM) on brand equity in the causal relationships between its dimensions: brand awareness, brand associations, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. Sample data was collected from 335 customers in the sportswear market of Vietnam. Empirical results revealed that the model was a suitable fit with the sample. Results from structural equation modelling (SEM) show that: 1) WOM has positive effects on brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality and brand loyalty; 2) these dimensions of brand equity are interrelated. Some suggestions for future research are provided. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 411-432 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: WOM; word of mouth; brand equity; brand awareness; brand association; perceived quality; brand loyalty; sportswear market; SEM; structural equation modelling. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114380 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:411-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nurul Izzaty Hasanah Azhar Author-X-Name-First: Nurul Izzaty Hasanah Author-X-Name-Last: Azhar Author-Name: Norziana Lokman Author-X-Name-First: Norziana Author-X-Name-Last: Lokman Author-Name: Md. Mahmudul Alam Author-X-Name-First: Md. Mahmudul Author-X-Name-Last: Alam Author-Name: Jamaliah Said Author-X-Name-First: Jamaliah Author-X-Name-Last: Said Title: Factors determining Z-score and corporate failure in Malaysian companies Abstract: Predicting the sustainability of a business is crucial to prevent financial losses among shareholders and investors. This study attempts to evaluate the Altman model for predicting corporate failure in distressed and non-distressed Malaysian companies based on the data of financially troubled companies which are classified as Practice Note 17 (PN17) and matching similar non-PN17 companies during the period 2013 to 2017. This study utilises panel ordinal and panel random effects regressions. Findings show that the liquidity, profitability, leverage, solvency, and efficiency ratios are negatively significantly associated with corporate failure and bankruptcy. The leverage ratio is determined to be the strongest indicator of bankruptcy, followed by profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency ratios. The findings will help companies' management bodies implement suitable strategies to prevent further financial leakage, thereby ensuring continuous and sustainable return on investment and profits for investors and shareholders. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 370-386 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: corporate failure; financial distress; PN17 companies; ratio analysis; Z-score. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114381 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:370-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lotfi Demikha Author-X-Name-First: Lotfi Author-X-Name-Last: Demikha Author-Name: Amir Bin Shaharuddin Author-X-Name-First: Amir Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Shaharuddin Author-Name: Abdul Rahim Ridzuan Author-X-Name-First: Abdul Rahim Author-X-Name-Last: Ridzuan Title: The effects of foreign direct investment, external debts and trade openness on economic growth: evidence from the Ottoman Empire 1881-1913 Abstract: This paper empirically examines the impact of foreign direct investment, external debts, and trade openness on economic growth in the Ottoman Empire. The existing literature lacks a comprehensive quantitative analysis on this pattern. Indeed, a great focus was given to the Ottoman Empire history, but minimal attention was directed to the financial performance of the Ottoman economy during the last quarter of the 19th century. This study utilises the time-series technique ‘autoregressive distributed lag model’ (ARDL) on macroeconomic data for the period 1881-1914. The study reveals a significant positive effect of external debt, trade openness, and government expenditure on economic growth. The obtained results also highlight the fact that foreign direct investment and inflation showed a significant negative impact on economic growth. Our findings recommend on focusing on adopting economic policies that promote generating funds using local sources instead of relying on external funders to boost economic development. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 387-410 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: ARDL; autoregressive distributed lag model; economic growth; Ottoman Empire; FDI; foreign direct investment; external debts; trade openness; macroeconomic; terms of trade. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:387-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Skadina Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Skadina Author-Name: Rosita Zvirgzdina Author-X-Name-First: Rosita Author-X-Name-Last: Zvirgzdina Title: Methodology of creating success criteria within the business model for sustainability reasons Abstract: A complex business environment, growing intensity of competition and shortening of innovation cycles bring difficulties for management and decision making. If previously companies aimed to ensure the quality of their products, now the creation of value for customers and other stakeholders is becoming the most essential element for the future of a company. Sustainability in the sense of a sustainable business model represent the value creation in the stakeholders' perception. It means that each activity while modelling a business should be checked for sustainability reasons by the company's management. In this way it would be possible to improve controlling mechanisms within the company as well. The aim of this paper is to offer a methodology contributing to creation of success criteria. As a result, there are methods presented which make the development of success criteria for management possible and sustainability controlling for business activities related to time, costs, flexibility and quality. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 360-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: sustainability; business model; business model dimensions; success criteria; time; costs; value; flexibility indicators. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114383 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:360-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I.A. Makris Author-X-Name-First: I.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Makris Author-Name: P. Charalabakis Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Charalabakis Author-Name: S. Stavroyiannis Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Stavroyiannis Title: Analysing factors that affect profitability and growth in French publicly listed firms Abstract: The Eurozone was at the centre of the 2008 recession, and many country-members were affected by the financial crisis. France, the country with the 2nd largest GDP in the EMU (and crucial for the sustainability of the common currency area), according to some researchers it endured the economic crisis relatively well. However, recent surveys, indicate that the French economy has experienced worrying times during the economic crisis. In this research work, economic data from a large number of French publicly listed firms is analysed for the last decade, to identify common characteristics that are associated with firm performance and growth, during a recessionary period and its aftermath. For that reason, a panel data analysis is performed, along with the necessary unit root tests. The findings indicate the crucial role of financial health, internationalisation and size of the firm, in financial performance, growth and dynamism. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 343-359 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: financial performance; France; publicly listed firms; debt; profitability; firm growth. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:343-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helder Miguel Correia Virtuoso Sebastião Author-X-Name-First: Helder Miguel Correia Virtuoso Author-X-Name-Last: Sebastião Author-Name: Paulo José Osório Rupino Da Cunha Author-X-Name-First: Paulo José Osório Rupino Da Author-X-Name-Last: Cunha Author-Name: Pedro Manuel Cortesão Godinho Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Manuel Cortesão Author-X-Name-Last: Godinho Title: Cryptocurrencies and blockchain. Overview and future perspectives Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the main developments of cryptocurrencies and discusses their future perspectives. First, it briefly reviews the history of cryptocurrencies since the creation of Bitcoin, presents the main market trends, and discusses the key features of cryptocurrencies in the context of blockchain. Second, it analyses current cryptocurrency projects, like the Libra project, and other applications of the blockchain technology. Third, it presents a systematic economics and financial literature review on cryptocurrencies. Fourth, it examines the challenges, benefits, and future perspectives of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, with a focus on the environmental issues and central bank digital currencies. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 305-342 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: Bitcoin; blockchain; cryptocurrencies; digital coins; Libra; Ethereum; market efficiency; central bank digital currencies; survey. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=114400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:305-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dhruv Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Dhruv Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Author-Name: Vandna Misra Author-X-Name-First: Vandna Author-X-Name-Last: Misra Author-Name: J.P. Pathak Author-X-Name-First: J.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Pathak Title: Emergence of behavioural finance: a study on behavioural biases during investment decision-making Abstract: In the 1950s and 1960s standard finance evolved and thereafter got wide acceptance among academia. However, standard finance paradigm faced difficulties and was questioned, when cracks began to appear due to the growing market inefficiencies and the fact that humans are not always rational. Thus, the inherent flaws in traditional finance led to the emergence of behavioural finance, a new science which is a harmonious blend of research principles derived from subjects like finance, cognitive psychology, and behavioural economics. It propounds psychologically-based theories to illustrate stock market anomalies, its core focus is to study the erroneous or less than perfect human behaviour that influences individual investment decision and its subsequent effect on the market. This paper aims to critically analyse the traditional financial theories, how behavioural finance supplemented these theories by introducing behavioural aspects and also uncovers the psychological impact of individuals on their decision-making behaviour. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 223-234 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: behavioural; psychology; finance; anomalies; rational; cognitive; economics; biases. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:223-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dolly Gaur Author-X-Name-First: Dolly Author-X-Name-Last: Gaur Author-Name: Dipti Ranjan Mohapatra Author-X-Name-First: Dipti Ranjan Author-X-Name-Last: Mohapatra Author-Name: Pratap Ranjan Jena Author-X-Name-First: Pratap Ranjan Author-X-Name-Last: Jena Title: Non-performing assets: drag for stability of Indian banking sector Abstract: The positive and strong performance by banks is imperative for stable growth of Indian economy. However, non-performing assets (NPA) of banks are proving to be a substantial hurdle for India becoming a strong and stable economy. Thus, the present work is an attempt to find and analyse the factors influencing NPA trends. The proposed model for the mentioned subject matter comprises of a set of varied bank-specific, industry specific and macroeconomic variables. The study includes some less used factors like, technical efficiency indicating bank performance, which has been measured using stochastic frontier model, and funding risk. Considering the time frame of 14 years (2005-2018), 46 scheduled commercial banks in India have been studied. For the purpose of analysis 2-step system generalised method of moments approach has been followed. The findings indicate that NPA in India are time persistent and get discouraged by positive bank performance. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 235-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: NPA; non-performing assets; India; technical efficiency; dynamic panel; system generalised method of moments. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:235-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arun Aggarwal Author-X-Name-First: Arun Author-X-Name-Last: Aggarwal Author-Name: Kamrunnisha Nobi Author-X-Name-First: Kamrunnisha Author-X-Name-Last: Nobi Author-Name: Dinesh Jaisinghani Author-X-Name-First: Dinesh Author-X-Name-Last: Jaisinghani Author-Name: Geeti Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Geeti Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Title: Analysing the mediating effect of leader-member exchange on the relationship between servant leadership and organisational commitment Abstract: The objective of the current research is to analyse the mediating role of leader-member exchange on the relationship between servant leadership and organisational commitment. In order to achieve this objective, the data was collected from 524 full-time employees working in five companies of the information technology sector operating in northern India. Results of the structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis revealed that servant leadership has a significant and positive impact on leader-member exchange. Further, servant leadership has a positive impact on organisational commitment. Leader-member exchange has a positive impact on employees' commitment level except for continuance commitment. Finally, the results of the mediational analysis show that servant leadership mediates the relationship between leader-member exchange and affective, continuance and normative commitment. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 287-303 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: servant leadership; leader-member exchange; affective commitment; continuance commitment; normative commitment; emotional healing; altruistic calling; wisdom; persuasive mapping; organisational stewardship. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:287-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alpana Agarwal Author-X-Name-First: Alpana Author-X-Name-Last: Agarwal Author-Name: Virad Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Virad Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Title: Economic impact of cycling across various nations Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to find the impact of cycling in five nations, namely Canada, Europe, New Zealand, UK and USA. Bicycle tourism and trail tourism contribute significantly to local, state, national and international economies (Handy et al., 2014). Research papers for the mentioned five Nations were analysed about the volume of their economic impact, and which were most benefitted. Analysis is based on behaviours (satisfaction) of cyclists, development of local communities and small scale businesses, management and governance of cycling, tourism, environment, recreation, health benefits, tourists and commuters, which saved the state and national governments' funds as well as increased fuel and moneysaving. Six broad factors, i.e., area's topography, its climate, the cycling infrastructure, presence of accessible bicycle resources, business support and community support were analysed to examine their affect on cycling. Characteristics of Indian market were also examined, based on which few suggestions are given. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 156-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: economic impact of cycling; tourism; cycle trails; economic development; health impact; topography; infrastructure; Indian cycling market. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:156-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harshita Bhargave Author-X-Name-First: Harshita Author-X-Name-Last: Bhargave Author-Name: Ashish Srivastava Author-X-Name-First: Ashish Author-X-Name-Last: Srivastava Title: Impact of economic conditions on business growth and development Abstract: Economic conditions provide important insights to organisations so that business firms adjust their views to attain growth. Hence, authors tried to investigate the effects of economic conditions on business growth where 200 sample sizes are taken for the structured survey. Six progressive modern cities of India have opted for the survey. To obtain the authentic data; Interview and questionnaire survey techniques have been performed. Finally, it is found that higher interest rates lead to failure in achieving business goals. Overall, 64% of the organisations validate the fact. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis leads to an accurate evaluation of business performance. It is interesting to notice that only 8% of the business concerns are disagreeing with the fact. Subsequently, it is suggested that it is better for an organisation to be well equipped with strategic tools and competencies in order to beat the economic challenges. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 145-155 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: economic conditions; business growth; gross domestic product; GDP; gross domestic product; SWOT analysis; economic challenges. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:145-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nidhi Arora Author-X-Name-First: Nidhi Author-X-Name-Last: Arora Author-Name: Parneet Kaur Author-X-Name-First: Parneet Author-X-Name-Last: Kaur Title: Internationalisation of Indian SMEs: problems and prospects Abstract: The purpose of this research is to find out the factors that initiate and hinder the process of internationalisation of small and medium enterprises with reference to state of Punjab in India. The factors which initiate internationalisation of Punjab SMEs were divided into internal and external factors. The data was collected through questionnaire from 100 SME exporters from Punjab. The firms were selected from the top five industries which contributed maximum to the exports. With the help factor analysis and multiple regression technique, the findings indicate that the factors initiating internationalisation are international direction, resource capability, managerial competencies, technology Up gradation, competitive industry, international networks and government support whereas, the barriers faced were operational and governmental problems. The results of the study provide us with various factors which should be kept in mind while entering into foreign markets and will help the policy makers to make strategies regarding internationalisation of SMEs. Journal: Int. J. of Economics and Business Research Pages: 180-205 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Keywords: internationalisation; SMEs; exporters; barriers; driving forces; small and medium enterprises; managerial factors; firm factors; international networks; foreign markets; exports. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=113151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijecbr:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:180-205