Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Spyridon Papastergiou Author-X-Name-First: Spyridon Author-X-Name-Last: Papastergiou Author-Name: Nineta Polemi Author-X-Name-First: Nineta Author-X-Name-Last: Polemi Author-Name: Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou Author-X-Name-First: Panayiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Kotzanikolaou Title: Design and validation of the Medusa supply chain risk assessment methodology and system Abstract: Supply chains (SC) can be viewed as complex interconnected systems that play a vital role of the transportation and delivery of goods and services. SC usually involves various critical infrastructures, mainly in the transportation sector and exhibit intra-sector and cross-border dependencies with various business entities. Although efforts have been made to standardise supply chain risk assessment (SCRA) approaches, there is a lack of targeted methodologies. In our previous work (Polemi and Kotzanikolaou, 2015) we have proposed a preliminary version of the Medusa SCRA methodology, compliant with ISO28001. The primary goal of Medusa is to assess the risks of an SC rising from the interconnections and interdependencies between the various entities within it. In this paper, we significantly extend our previous work, in order to define all specific details of the Medusa SC RA, such as estimations of threat levels, consequences, risk scales, cascading risks; generation of a baseline SC security policy and identification of security controls. Furthermore, we validate our methodology based on real case scenarios, derived from the pilot operations of the Medusa project and we provide implementation details of the Medusa collaborative system which hosts the methodology and offers SC RA services to the involved BPs. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 1-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: supply chain; risk assessment; critical infrastructures; dependency graphs; experimental validation. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:1:p:1-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Panagiotis Ntzeremes Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Ntzeremes Author-Name: Konstantinos Kirytopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos Author-X-Name-Last: Kirytopoulos Author-Name: Ioannis Benekos Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis Author-X-Name-Last: Benekos Title: Exploring the effect of national policies on the safety level of tunnels that belong to the trans-European road network: a comparative analysis Abstract: The trans-European road network (TERN) was defined to improve EUs road network guarantee users a high and uniform level of safety. TERNs tunnels must be designed to serve these purposes. To this respect, the EU introduced the Directive 2004/54/EC. The Directive imposed minimum infrastructure and equipment requirements for all TERNs tunnels attributing high importance to risk assessment method. This paper illustrates that the variety of the methods adopted by each member state do not guarantee the same level of safety for all TERNs tunnels. Presenting the general principles of EU methods, two methods, which share a high degree of similarity, are used to study the same fire accident at the same tunnel. The differences occurred in the estimated level of safety raises skepticism, as the tunnel has different safety level depending on the method and national policies used. The outcome illustrates the need to improve policy formulation on this matter. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 40-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: road network; transportation; road tunnel; Directive 54/2004/EC; risk assessment; infrastructure safety. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:1:p:40-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tracy Hatton Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Hatton Author-Name: Charlotte Brown Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Robert Kipp Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Kipp Author-Name: Erica Seville Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: Seville Author-Name: Peter Brouggy Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Brouggy Author-Name: Michelle Loveday Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Loveday Title: Developing a model and instrument to measure the resilience of critical infrastructure sector organisations Abstract: Societies are highly reliant on uninterrupted critical infrastructure services. Until recently, the focus has been on the physical resilience of hard assets such as pipes, cables and buildings. Attention is now also turning to a systems approach, considering the capabilities of, and interconnections between, the organisations responsible for developing, maintaining and running those infrastructures. This paper draws on existing research into organisational resilience to develop a model and measurement instrument for whole of sector resilience for selected critical infrastructure sectors, in order to identify sector resilience strengths and weaknesses, and to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of their resilience strategies and investments. The model is intended as a 'conversation starter' to prompt further research on how critical infrastructure organisations can best address their significant co-dependencies to ensure the overall sector's ability to survive and thrive, even in times of crisis. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 59-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: model development; instrument development; measuring resilience; critical infrastructure resilience; CIR; organisational resilience; sector resilience; critical infrastructure organisations; resilience strategies. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:1:p:59-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilyas Ed-daoui Author-X-Name-First: Ilyas Author-X-Name-Last: Ed-daoui Author-Name: Mhamed Itmi Author-X-Name-First: Mhamed Author-X-Name-Last: Itmi Author-Name: Abdelkhalak El Hami Author-X-Name-First: Abdelkhalak El Author-X-Name-Last: Hami Author-Name: Nabil Hmina Author-X-Name-First: Nabil Author-X-Name-Last: Hmina Author-Name: Tomader Mazri Author-X-Name-First: Tomader Author-X-Name-Last: Mazri Title: A deterministic approach for systems-of-systems resilience quantification Abstract: With recent advances in systems-of-systems, reliability analysis becomes a very challenging research topic. One of the most pressing issues is to figure out a plan to handle resilience. On this basis, we propose, in this paper, a structural deterministic approach to quantitatively measure systems resilience. This approach is based on a three-step method. First, evaluate the functional dependencies between groups by considering a system-of-systems as a large-scale interconnected network of systems distributed into interdependent groups. This leads us to better understand the overall connections and process continuity. Next, analyse how much the global architecture of the system-of-systems depends on every group. Last, estimate its structural resilience by measuring the impact of each system's failure on the other systems forming the global system and building the process. Two case studies are provided to experiment our approach. The results are cross-compared and evaluated. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 80-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: critical infrastructures; criticality; failure impact; reliability; resilience; systems-of-systems. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=90654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:1:p:80-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Venkatachary Sampath Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Venkatachary Sampath Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Author-Name: Jagdish Prasad Author-X-Name-First: Jagdish Author-X-Name-Last: Prasad Author-Name: Ravi Samikannu Author-X-Name-First: Ravi Author-X-Name-Last: Samikannu Title: A critical review of cyber security and cyber terrorism - threats to critical infrastructure in the energy sector Abstract: The rapid change in communication technology in the form of connections, integration, supply chain management that are essential and part of critical infrastructure, has brought out new security challenges. As a result securing critical data, operations, consumer profile and data is beyond the four walls of physical security. Therefore, it is critical to enhance security. Since, electric power systems are comprised of both IT and power, their interdependence has resulted in gaps in the security. Though the cyber threats cannot be eliminated, it can only be mitigated and its impact reduced. The threat mitigation costs money, efforts, downtime, economic and psychological impacts on the industry that could result in damage to company's performance and the national economies. The paper aims to highlight various security attacks on the energy infrastructure and its impacts. While discussing the impacts, the paper presents mechanism and emphasises the need for global security coordination to mitigate threats. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 101-119 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: systemic cyber event; syntatic attack. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=91932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:2:p:101-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khaled Alutaibi Author-X-Name-First: Khaled Author-X-Name-Last: Alutaibi Author-Name: Abdullah Alsubaie Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Author-X-Name-Last: Alsubaie Author-Name: José Martí Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Martí Title: A fire management decision support systems to minimise economic losses: a case study in a petrochemical complex Abstract: Fires are very expensive to fight and may result in devastating human, economic, and environmental effects. Due to limited fire management resources and budget constraints, fire management becomes increasingly challenging. The increased interdependencies among existing infrastructure systems make economic losses induced by fires very severe and difficult to predict. Despite recent advances in fire management decision support systems (FMDSSs), economic analysis capabilities have not received enough attention in these systems. Efficient FMDSS incorporates economic considerations to determine optimal fire fighting tactics and strategies. This paper proposes an FMDSS for developing optimal fire management plans. The proposed system adopts the cost-plus-net-value change (<i>C</i> + <i>NVC</i>) concept to evaluate the economic efficiency of the plans. In order to capture the net value change of goods and services due to fires, an infrastructure interdependency simulator (i2Sim) is used to incorporate the interaction among infrastructure systems. The proposed FMDSS is capable of developing long-term (strategic) plans and short-term (operational) plans. The applicability of the proposed system is demonstrated using a case study involving multiple fire incidents in a large petrochemical complex. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 120-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: economic efficiency; decision support systems; fire management; critical infrastructures; interdependencies; firefighting; industrial fires; damage function; infrastructure interdependency simulator; i2Sim; cost-plus-net-value change; C+NVC; machine learning; petrochemical industry. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=91933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:2:p:120-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kashin Sugishita Author-X-Name-First: Kashin Author-X-Name-Last: Sugishita Author-Name: Yasuo Asakura Author-X-Name-First: Yasuo Author-X-Name-Last: Asakura Title: The impact of partial capacity reduction on network vulnerability against cascading failure Abstract: Recent natural and man-made disasters have revealed the inherent weakness in mutually dependent critical infrastructures. A potential risk in such complex systems is that an influence of failures in one system can propagate along dependency and multiple systems can be broken simultaneously. Hence it is important to understand risks hidden behind dependency. Under the background, we investigate the impact of partial capacity reduction on network vulnerability against cascading failure. This study demonstrates that the partial capacity reduction increases the vulnerability of the whole network and failures can spread out easily. We also show that how critical nodes whose removals bring about devastating damage on the whole network appear in a network. Our results indicate a possibility that nodes which are located not only inside but also outside of the area of the capacity reduction can turn into critical nodes. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 140-155 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: cascading failure; critical infrastructures; vulnerability; network risks; capacity reduction; dependency; complex networks. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=91934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:2:p:140-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joydeep Banerjee Author-X-Name-First: Joydeep Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee Author-Name: Kaustav Basu Author-X-Name-First: Kaustav Author-X-Name-Last: Basu Author-Name: Arunabha Sen Author-X-Name-First: Arunabha Author-X-Name-Last: Sen Title: Analysing robustness in intra-dependent and inter-dependent networks using a new model of interdependency Abstract: Power and communication network of a nation are heavily interdependent on each other. Dependencies exist between the individual networks, for example, the power network, as well. Failure of certain entities results in cascading failure leading to widespread power blackouts. Hence it is critical to understand and model such dependencies. In previous literature, authors have proposed different models to describe these dependencies. However, these models are limited to capture the complex dependencies that might exist in a critical infrastructure. In this paper, firstly we present a Boolean logic based model called the implicative interdependency model, which overcomes the major shortcomings of the previous models. Using the model a metric to compute <i>robustness</i> of these systems is defined. The computational complexity to compute this metric is proved to be NP-complete. An optimal integer linear program and a sub-optimal heuristic with polynomial time complexity are provided that solves the <i>robustness</i> <i>computation</i> problem. Using real world data of interdependent power-communication network and data of different bus systems for power network the efficacy of the heuristic is compared to the optimal solution. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 156-181 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: power network; communication network; dependency; interdependency; robustness. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=91938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:2:p:156-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed M. Selim Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed M. Author-X-Name-Last: Selim Author-Name: Pasent H.A. Yousef Author-X-Name-First: Pasent H.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yousef Author-Name: Mohamed R. Hagag Author-X-Name-First: Mohamed R. Author-X-Name-Last: Hagag Title: Smart infrastructure by (PPPs) within the concept of smart cities to achieve sustainable development Abstract: The concept of smart infrastructure is derived from the idea of smart city which is described as a comprehensive system with different elements such as people, governance, environment, economy, mobility and living conditions of a given geographical space with efficient ICT that promote smart sustainable environment. The improvement of efficiency, quality and affordable costs of providing city services to be a smart city requires huge financial investments therefore; the cooperation between the public, private sectors and civil society become inevitable to cover the cost of this trend. This paper discusses the participation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) with the civil society to Smart infrastructure by (PPPs) within the concept of smart cities 183 provide the finance and (intelligent) technology for the infrastructure by innovative solutions according to the available recourses and technology in the countries to achieve social, environmental and economic sustainability. Smart infrastructure for cities is adapted by introducing technology and builds smarter solutions to meet the requirements of society to avoid exploding of the existing infrastructure because of the expected tremendous pressure on it. This paper focuses on the smart city infrastructure and PPPS process to achieve smart infrastructure. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 182-198 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: smart infrastructure; public-private partnership; PPPs; smart cities; sustainable development. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=91943 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:2:p:182-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Igor Kozine Author-X-Name-First: Igor Author-X-Name-Last: Kozine Author-Name: Boris Petrenj Author-X-Name-First: Boris Author-X-Name-Last: Petrenj Author-Name: Paolo Trucco Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Trucco Title: Resilience capacities assessment for critical infrastructures disruption: the READ framework (part 1) Abstract: We suggest an approach to assessing critical infrastructure resilience (CIR) as a step towards informed resource allocation and operation when planning to cope with CI disruptions in the context of emergency management or multi stakeholder planning. The approach is capabilities-based, where a capability is defined as a combination of assets, resources and routines specifically arranged to accomplish a critical task and assure a key objective. The capabilities (intra- and inter-institutional) are grouped into clusters according to the resilience phase (preventive, absorptive, adaptive and restorative) where they are invoked; and according to the system type (technical, operational, social and economic) which they belong to. An overall resilience capability building cycle completes the framework, enabling a systematic implementation of relevant capabilities and making gap analysis with regard to resilience deficits. A simplified test case exemplifying the use of the framework in the context of a regional public-private collaboration for CIR is provided. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 199-220 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: critical infrastructure; resilience assessment; capability-based planning; emergency management; public-private partnership; gap analysis. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:3:p:199-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Trucco Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Trucco Author-Name: Boris Petrenj Author-X-Name-First: Boris Author-X-Name-Last: Petrenj Author-Name: Carmelo Di Mauro Author-X-Name-First: Carmelo Di Author-X-Name-Last: Mauro Title: Resilience capacities assessment for critical infrastructures disruption: READ pilot applications (part 2) Abstract: The study aims at supporting the stakeholders involved in the emergency management (EM) activities to tackle the challenges related to scenarios involving interdependent critical infrastructure (CI) systems, by building resilience. The primary objective of implementing the capability-based approach is to enable and foster collaborative EM in the context of public-private collaborations for CI resilience. The READ framework and related tool have been tested to support stakeholders' resilience capacities assessment with respect to cross-border disruptions and thus identify the main areas where progress is needed. Two pilot cases were used to validate the approach and demonstrate its applicability in the context of regional public-private collaborations for critical infrastructure protection and Resilience with different degree of development and level of maturity, namely Basque Country (Spain) and Lombardy Region (Italy). The practitioners' feedback from both application cases confirmed the usefulness of such approach and helped to identify areas for future research and improvement. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 221-247 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: critical infrastructure; CI; resilience assessment; capability-based planning; public-private partnership; gap analysis. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:3:p:221-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Varun Chotia Author-X-Name-First: Varun Author-X-Name-Last: Chotia Author-Name: N.V. Muralidhar Rao Author-X-Name-First: N.V. Muralidhar Author-X-Name-Last: Rao Title: Estimating the determinants of public private partnerships in infrastructure: the case of India Abstract: Public private partnership (PPP) mode of financing is quickly becoming the favoured way to invest and fund infrastructure in India. This paper focuses exclusively on the PPP mode of infrastructure financing by examining and estimating the significant determinants of attracting any PPP in India. The empirical findings indicate that for India a higher cash deficit with huge government debt tends to attract more number of PPP projects. The study also suggests that political factors play a crucial role for the private sector in terms of making decisions regarding involvement of the PPP mode for financing infrastructure. Ultimately, there is evidence in favour of all the channels except the macroeconomic factors. While examining the investment aspect for PPPs, it was concluded that soft governmental constraints, market conditions and effectiveness of government proved to be decisive. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 248-267 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: public private partnership; PPP; government factors; political factors; market factors; institutional quality factors; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:3:p:248-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mahboobeh Moghaddam Author-X-Name-First: Mahboobeh Author-X-Name-Last: Moghaddam Author-Name: Hamid Shobeiri Nejad Author-X-Name-First: Hamid Shobeiri Author-X-Name-Last: Nejad Author-Name: Mahmoud Mesbah Author-X-Name-First: Mahmoud Author-X-Name-Last: Mesbah Author-Name: Mark Hickman Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Hickman Title: Developing a fault prediction model for wired copper networks under precipitation Abstract: Telecommunication companies who face challenges of aging infrastructure need to balance the cost of maintenance with that of providing their services within a service level guarantee. For Telstra, the largest telecommunication company in Australia, this balance is achieved by adopting a passive approach to handle the faults that occur in the network. Rather than actively preventing faults, technicians are assigned to fix faults in a timely manner. However, to achieve an efficient and timely technician assignment, a prediction model is needed to advise planners of the potential number of faults in the network. From statistical analysis, we have developed a fault prediction model by investigating 29 months of data of faults. Our prediction model shows that rain has a significant impact on the number of faults in many areas across Australia, which can be the result of the aging infrastructure. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 268-293 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: aging infrastructure; network management; fault prediction model; statistical analysis; wired copper networks; rain effect. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=94412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:3:p:268-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carunia Mulya Firdausy Author-X-Name-First: Carunia Mulya Author-X-Name-Last: Firdausy Title: Potential financial instruments toward sustainable urban infrastructural development in Indonesia Abstract: The development of urban infrastructures in Indonesia is a must as rapid urbanisation exerts huge pressures on basic services and infrastructures in urban areas. However, the government funds to support urban infrastructures are far from adequate. This paper, by using literatures, studies and primary data, aims at examining potential financial instruments toward sustainable urban infrastructural development in Indonesia. The study confirms that the role of the private business entities is unavoidable to sustain urban infrastructural development. Apart from the available financial instruments that have been implemented to develop urban infrastructures, other financial instruments especially private bonds in the forms of corporate bonds, project bonds and Sharia bonds instruments are potential to be taken into considerations. However, to make these private bonds well-implemented, the government needs to provide regulations, incentives and guarantees to attract the private business entities and community. Thus, much remains to be done by the government. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 295-310 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: potential urban infrastructural financing; budget deficit; corporate bonds; public-private partnership; PPP; project bonds; Sharia bonds; Sukuk. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:4:p:295-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ralf Hedel Author-X-Name-First: Ralf Author-X-Name-Last: Hedel Author-Name: George Boustras Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Boustras Author-Name: Ilias Gkotsis Author-X-Name-First: Ilias Author-X-Name-Last: Gkotsis Author-Name: Ioanna Vasiliadou Author-X-Name-First: Ioanna Author-X-Name-Last: Vasiliadou Author-Name: Paul Rathke Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Rathke Title: Assessment of the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection in the surface transport sector Abstract: In the course of emerging threats of the 21st century, this paper aims at supporting the further development of the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP), in particular the directive 2008/114/EC on designation and protection of European Critical Infrastructures. It provides a comprehensive review of this legal framework by compiling experiences of practitioners collected during the European Surface Transport Operator (EUSTO) forum and a series of semi-structured expert interviews. The answers of the EUSTO participants assess how the single elements and approaches of the EPCIP have affected their work. Furthermore, the review identifies the challenges that need to be addressed in the future. The third part of this paper provides a guideline on setting up an Operator Security Plan, which is specifically required by the directive. The template could initiate European harmonisation of security plans, contributing to the improvement of EPCIP. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 311-335 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: critical infrastructures; critical infrastructures protection; transport infrastructures; surface transport; European Union; EPCIP; directive 2008/114/EC; Operator Security Plan; OSP; terroristic threats; criminal threats; resilience; practitioners. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:4:p:311-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kong Fah Tee Author-X-Name-First: Kong Fah Author-X-Name-Last: Tee Author-Name: Sulaiman O. Olanrewaju Author-X-Name-First: Sulaiman O. Author-X-Name-Last: Olanrewaju Title: Design and analysis of wave energy buoy integrated with seaweed farming Abstract: Farming facilities in offshore face natural disasters caused by tropical storms. Without reliable design of mooring system, the wave load on the structure can easily damage it during a natural disaster event that could lead to unacceptable economic loss. Mooring failure represents the most common reason for the loss of ocean devices due to environmental load action and inappropriate design; because the developers concentrate much of their efforts on optimising the efficiency of the device and not enough attention is paid to the design of the mooring system. Thus, ensuring the security and safe deployment of very large floating structure system is very important issue for industrial marine farm and ocean energy activities. This paper presents design and analysis of wave energy integrated with seaweed farming system. The static model will predict the tension and tilt at each mooring component, including the anchor, for which the safe mass will be evaluated in terms of the vertical and horizontal tensions. Predictions can be saved to facilitate mooring motion correction. Time dependent currents can be entered to predict the dynamic response of the mooring. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 336-359 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: wave energy; mooring failure; environmental loads; buoy; seaweed farming. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:4:p:336-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norayr Badasyan Author-X-Name-First: Norayr Author-X-Name-Last: Badasyan Author-Name: Hans Wilhelm Alfen Author-X-Name-First: Hans Wilhelm Author-X-Name-Last: Alfen Title: Business models and the private provision of public infrastructure: leaving no stone unturned Abstract: The present paper introduces a new approach for the calculation of the economic internal rate of return for the projects in the road sector aiming to consider the link between the chosen business models/revenue mechanisms and the economic output. The novelty of the current approach is that the economic output of the road projects is considered based on both design options of the roads and the chosen organisational model for the private investments. The current approach makes a strong fundament for the decision makers to master plan an economically viable road projects developed under private investment models. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 360-374 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: infrastructure economics; infrastructure finance; PPP; road. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:4:p:360-374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammed Talat Khouj Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Talat Author-X-Name-Last: Khouj Author-Name: Abdullah Alsubaie Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Author-X-Name-Last: Alsubaie Author-Name: Khaled Alutaibi Author-X-Name-First: Khaled Author-X-Name-Last: Alutaibi Author-Name: Haitham Magdi Ahmed Author-X-Name-First: Haitham Magdi Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed Author-Name: Sarbjit Sarkaria Author-X-Name-First: Sarbjit Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkaria Author-Name: José R. Martí Author-X-Name-First: José R. Author-X-Name-Last: Martí Title: Intelligent decision system for responsive crisis management Abstract: Disaster mitigation of severe catastrophic events depend heavily on effective decisions that are made by officials. The goal of disaster management is to make decisions that properly reallocate and redistribute the scarce resources produced by the available interconnected-critical infrastructures (CI's). This paper investigates the application of Monte Carlo (MC)-based policy estimation in reinforcement learning (RL) to mount up experience from a massive number of simulations. This method, in conjunction with an optimised set of RL parameters, will help the RL agent to explore and exploit those trajectories that lead to an optimum result in a reasonable time. It shows that a learning agent using MC estimation policy, through interactions with an environment of simulated disastrous scenarios (i2Sim-infrastrucuture interdependency simulator) is capable of making informed decisions for complex systems in a timely manner. Journal: Int. J. of Critical Infrastructures Pages: 375-399 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2018 Keywords: artificial intelligence; critical infrastructure; disaster management; i2Sim real-time simulator; reinforcement-learning agent; responsive crisis management; Monte Carlo policy estimation; decision support system; agent based modelling; machine learning. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcist:v:14:y:2018:i:4:p:375-399