Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole Choi Author-X-Name-First: Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Author-Name: John R. Nofsinger Author-X-Name-First: John R. Author-X-Name-Last: Nofsinger Author-Name: Corey A. Shank Author-X-Name-First: Corey A. Author-X-Name-Last: Shank Title: Do unhealthy cities produce unhealthy returns? Abstract: We examine how firms headquartered in poor health communities affect their stock returns and valuations. We find that poor health throughout a community, measured through obesity rates, self-reported poor health status, and self-reporting poor physical or mental health, lowers stock returns and creates lower valuations. Specifically, we find that a 1% increase in overweight rates is associated with $100 billion in lost value to the USA stock market. Furthermore, this effect is more prominent in stocks with more retail investors. This suggests that poor community health influences local investor behaviour more strongly than employees affect local stock returns. These results have important implications as obesity rates continue to rise throughout the world. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 1-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: stock performance; health; obesity; mental health; physical health. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=144248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:1:p:1-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amarjit Gill Author-X-Name-First: Amarjit Author-X-Name-Last: Gill Author-Name: Harvinder S. Mand Author-X-Name-First: Harvinder S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mand Author-Name: Gaganpreet Kaur Author-X-Name-First: Gaganpreet Author-X-Name-Last: Kaur Title: Foreign family directors, gender diversity, and debt costs for family business firms Abstract: The current study surveyed Indian family business owners to assess the link between foreign family directors (FFDs), gender diversity, and debt costs in family business firms (FBFs). We used ordinary and two-stage least squares methods to address endogeneity issues. According to the survey analysis, having FFDs in a company can increase gender diversity and internal financing sources while decreasing debt costs. Gender diversity and internal financing sources reduce the debt costs for FBFs in India. The survey results analysis adds to the current literature on the connection between FFDs, gender diversity, and debt costs in family-owned businesses. This survey analysis can assist academia in conducting more studies on this subject. The results can also benefit family-owned businesses by gaining insights into reducing debt costs. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 28-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: foreign family directors; FFDs; gender diversity; debt costs; family business firms; FBFs; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=144249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:1:p:28-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Devarapalli Suman Author-X-Name-First: Devarapalli Author-X-Name-Last: Suman Author-Name: Sasikanta Tripathy Author-X-Name-First: Sasikanta Author-X-Name-Last: Tripathy Author-Name: Lalita Mohan Mohapatra Author-X-Name-First: Lalita Mohan Author-X-Name-Last: Mohapatra Title: Effect of board attributes on the quality of integrated reports: evidence from India Abstract: Integrated reporting (IR) is a novel concept in corporate sustainability reporting, which prompts corporates for voluntary adoption of the reporting practice to generate value. The board features play a significant role in the adoption of IR. The IR has received significant attention but the impact of the board features on IR quality is still not extensively examined in developing countries like India. This study fills the gap by examining the association between board characteristics and IR quality in Indian context. The study employed fixed effect and random effect models for 46 corporates for a period of three years, i.e., 2019–2021. The empirical analysis found that board size, CEO duality, number of board meetings, and firm size had significant association with IR quality. In contrast, the number of independent members on board, percentage of women on board, liquidity and solvency has insignificant relationship with IR quality. This study extends the applicability of agency and stakeholders' theories to the IR framework. The study has implications for corporate executives and academicians on the effectiveness board features on IR quality. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 75-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: integrated reporting; sustainability; board size; CEO duality; women on the board; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=144254 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:1:p:75-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rahul Matta Author-X-Name-First: Rahul Author-X-Name-Last: Matta Author-Name: Himanshu Seth Author-X-Name-First: Himanshu Author-X-Name-Last: Seth Title: Do female directors influence the relationship between environmental, social and governance scores and firm market value in emerging economies? Abstract: This study explores the impact of female directors (FD) on board on the relationship between environmental, social and governance score (ESGS) and the firm's market value (FMV) in developing markets such as India. Using the panel data regression approach on the sample of 253 public listed firms from India from 2016 to 2021, the association between the ESGS of Indian firms and their market value was investigated and scrutinising the effect of females on board on this relationship. Further, the dynamic GMM method was used to strengthen the conclusions and combat endogeneity bias. The results show that the FD on board do not affect the relationship between the combined ESGS, environmental and governance score and firm market value. However, the findings also show that the FD positively and significantly influences the relationship between the social score and firm market value. Further, this study suggests practical implications and future research directions. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 46-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: ESG scores; market value; female directors; corporate governance; firm's market value; FMV. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=144255 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:1:p:46-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dina El Mahdy Author-X-Name-First: Dina El Author-X-Name-Last: Mahdy Author-Name: Ling Yang Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Asmaa Abdelrazeik Author-X-Name-First: Asmaa Author-X-Name-Last: Abdelrazeik Author-Name: Rasha Elbolok Author-X-Name-First: Rasha Author-X-Name-Last: Elbolok Title: Audit committee characteristics and accounting conservatism: does the power of people matter? Abstract: This study employs the developmental democracy theory to predict that the 2011 Egyptian Revolution created a demand for a better governance structure in the form of efficient audit committees, which led to increased conservative financial reporting. Using a sample of 605 firm-year observations from the 100 most active companies listed on the Egyptian stock market between 2009 and 2019, the study examines the effect of five audit committee characteristics on accounting conservatism post-Egyptian Revolution. The empirical results show that audit committee financial expertise, diligence, and interlock are positively associated with accounting conservatism, while audit committee size is negatively associated. Moreover, the 2011 Egyptian Revolution amplified the influence of audit committee characteristics on the timeliness of economic loss recognition, further promoting conservative financial reporting. This study is among the first to explore the moderating effect of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution on the relationship between audit committee characteristics and accounting conservatism. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 99-126 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: corporate governance; audit committee characteristics; accounting conservatism; The Egyptian Revolution. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=145658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:2:p:99-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ibrahim Hussain Author-X-Name-First: Ibrahim Author-X-Name-Last: Hussain Author-Name: Tutun Mukherjee Author-X-Name-First: Tutun Author-X-Name-Last: Mukherjee Title: Board characteristics and corporate financial distress: the Indian evidence Abstract: This study aims to examine how board characteristics - board size, female directors, board independence, CEO duality, foreign directors, and frequency of board meetings - affect the likelihood of firms falling into financial distress in India. A matched-pairs research design is being utilised with 374 observations, half of which are classified as distressed and the other half as non-distressed. Data spanning ten years, from 2013 to 2022, has been collected for the sample firms. Using conditional (fixed-effect) logistic regression technique, the results indicate that board size hold positive relationship with the firm's likelihood of falling into financial distress, while board independence is found to be negatively associated. However, the results confirm that female directors, foreign directors, CEO duality and board meetings do not have a significant impact on the likelihood of financial distress in the Indian context. These findings bear important practical implications in the Indian context, particularly concerning the formulation of a robust code of corporate governance aimed at mitigating corporate failures. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 127-160 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: corporate governance; board characteristics; financial distress likelihood; matched-pair approach; conditional (fixed-effect) logistic regression; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=145659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:2:p:127-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sangita Choudhary Author-X-Name-First: Sangita Author-X-Name-Last: Choudhary Author-Name: Mohit Verma Author-X-Name-First: Mohit Author-X-Name-Last: Verma Title: Does corporate governance curb earnings management? A moderated meta-analysis Abstract: The current study explores the dynamics of earnings management (EM) and corporate governance by addressing the inconsistencies in the current literature concerning this association. Findings from 108 studies were used for meta-analysis to explore the effect of corporate governance on EM. Additionally, moderation analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of country's economic status, timeframe, models employed to capture EM and country's culture in the stated context. Through a synthesis of empirical studies, we discuss the discrepancy pertaining to the effect of CEO duality; executive compensation; board independence; board size; women on board; audit committee independence; institutional, family and foreign holdings in the firm equity on EM. We observed that EM and corporate governance are associated; and the country's economic status, models employed to capture EM and country's culture moderate this relationship. Current work also overcomes the gaps in previous meta-analysis studies by covering the widened time frame, additional corporate governance variables and contextual moderators. Evidence backed by standardising empirical results helps policymakers and stakeholders who are engaged in monitoring activities of the firm. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 197-233 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: board characteristics; corporate governance; earnings management; meta-analysis; ownership structure. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=145661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:2:p:197-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saidatou Dicko Author-X-Name-First: Saidatou Author-X-Name-Last: Dicko Author-Name: Charlotte Beauchamp Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte Author-X-Name-Last: Beauchamp Author-Name: Michel Sayumwe Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Sayumwe Author-Name: Karima Naciri Author-X-Name-First: Karima Author-X-Name-Last: Naciri Title: Political connections and earnings management: the role of governance in the case of Canadian largest listed companies Abstract: This study examines the relationship between firms' political connections, earnings management practices, and governance. We then have investigated Canadian non-financial S%P/TSX copanies, over a ten-year period (2009-2018), by using quantitative analyses methods. The results are very surprising and show that: 1) the studied firms practice significantly less real earnings management (REM) than discretionary accruals (DAC) earnings management; 2) being politically connected does not really push companies to practice more earnings; in fact, it is an opposite situation that has been observed when the DAC is used; 3) finally and most surprising, having a good-quality governance when the firms are politically connected push them to practice more earnings management (still when the DAC is used). Thus, the politically connected firms seem to practice less earnings management through DAC, but when they have higher-quality governance, they seem to care less about the quality of financial information and do more earnings management. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 161-196 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: political connections; earnings management; real earnings management; REM; discretionary accruals; DAC; Canadian firms; governance. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=145662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:2:p:161-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pradip Banerjee Author-X-Name-First: Pradip Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee Title: Influence of corporate culture on earnings management Abstract: The study investigates the association of corporate culture and earnings management. The study utilises the culture score developed by Li et al. (2021). Using the text analysis of the question-and-answer (QA) section of earnings conference call transcripts they quantify culture score. Employing a large sample of 40,736 firm-year observations of US firms between 2001 and 2018, the study documents a negative and significant contemporaneous association between culture and earnings management. We also show that culture positively affects future firm performance through the mediating channel of earnings management. The results are robust after controlling for several potential biases and endogeneity concerns. The top management of a firm sets an organisational culture that improves the governance of the firm and, in turn, benefits the organisation. Thus, our results speak directly to internal management, as well as other stakeholders including, policymakers, standard-setters, lenders, and regulators. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 235-259 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: corporate culture; accrual earnings management; real earnings management; firm performance. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:3:p:235-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geeta Singh Author-X-Name-First: Geeta Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Author-Name: Rajesh Pathak Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh Author-X-Name-Last: Pathak Title: Impact of bankruptcy law on foreign investments in distressed firms: evidence from a quasi natural experiment Abstract: We examine the influence of bankruptcy law on the foreign institutional shareholders in Indian firms. Using a sample of 15,268 firm-year observations from 2003 to 2023, we employ Tobit and Logit regression models within the difference-in-difference framework to investigate the impact of the insolvency and bankruptcy code (IBC) of 2016 and financial distress on the shareholding of the foreign institutional investors (FIIs). We report that introduction of the IBC leads to reduction in the intensity and propensity of equity holding of FIIs. Further, this decrease is more pronounced in the distressed firms. Our study offers insights to the policy makers and regulators to identify ways to attract FIIs, post the implementation of IBC since better creditors' rights create conducive regulatory environment for creditors, it could repel the equity investors, especially outside foreign investors. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 289-306 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: foreign institutional investors; FIIs; bankruptcy law; insolvency and bankruptcy code; IBC; financial distress; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148917 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:3:p:289-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reena Nayyar Author-X-Name-First: Reena Author-X-Name-Last: Nayyar Author-Name: Sanjay Dhamija Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Dhamija Author-Name: Shikha Bhatia Author-X-Name-First: Shikha Author-X-Name-Last: Bhatia Title: Does board independence, ownership structure, and group affiliation impact the acquiring companies' announcement returns in India? Abstract: The study evaluates the impact of board independence, ownership concentration, and business group affiliation on the acquiring companies' announcement returns in India. The analysis is conducted through standard event study methodology and cross-sectional regression analysis. The results indicate that the independent board of directors fails to obviate the conflict of interest between the controlling and the minority shareholders in mergers and acquisitions pursued by business-group-affiliated, Indian acquiring companies, with promoters as the dominant shareholders. Thus, the results corroborate the entrenchment theory and negate the applicability of monitoring theory in the Indian M%A context. The study adds to the existing literature on M%As, corporate governance, and business groups by analysing how the critical interactions between board independence, ownership concentration, and business group affiliation impact the value creation in M%As in India. The study offers implications for the regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 307-334 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: mergers and acquisitions; M%As; corporate governance; board independence; ownership concentration; business groups; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:3:p:307-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tran Trung Kien Author-X-Name-First: Tran Trung Author-X-Name-Last: Kien Title: Income smoothing in Vietnamese listed firms: do related party transactions make a difference? Abstract: This study examines the relationship between related party transactions (RPT) and income smoothing (ISM) behaviour by using a sample of Vietnamese-listed firms in the period of 2015-2018. The author predicts a positive relationship between RPT and ISM because RPT can be considered a tool to apply earnings manipulation measured through ISM. By using the ordinary least square (OLS) regression method, the positive relationship between RPT and ISM is found. Besides, several robustness tests are conducted, and the research findings are confirmed. This study will help the regulator better understand how RPT relates to the stock market and what regulatory changes can be made to utilise the benefits of RPT in developing nations. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 260-288 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: emerging market; income smoothing; related party transactions. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148921 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:3:p:260-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anju P. Tom Author-X-Name-First: Anju P. Author-X-Name-Last: Tom Author-Name: Sudershan Kuntluru Author-X-Name-First: Sudershan Author-X-Name-Last: Kuntluru Author-Name: Ajit Dayanandan Author-X-Name-First: Ajit Author-X-Name-Last: Dayanandan Title: Corporate director skill diversity and environmental disclosure Abstract: The study investigates whether corporate director skill diversity impacts environmental disclosure in India. In 2020, the capital market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), introduced regulations under the SEBI (listing obligations and disclosure requirements) framework, mandating companies to report the skill sets of each director of the board in their annual reports. We hand-collected directors' skill data from the annual reports for the period 2019-2020 to 2021-2022. First, we compiled a comprehensive list of all skills reported by the companies, eliminating duplicates and consolidating similar categories, resulting in 17 unique skill categories. Using a dataset of 348 Indian companies from 2020 to 2022, the period following the mandatory directors' skill disclosure requirement, we find that director skill diversity exhibits a significant positive impact on environmental disclosures in India. The research findings provide direct evidence for improving environmental disclosures and achieving sustainable development. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 335-354 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: director skill set; board skill set; board diversity; environmental disclosure; India. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=149621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:4:p:335-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yaoyao Tang Author-X-Name-First: Yaoyao Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Emmanuel Paulino Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel Author-X-Name-Last: Paulino Author-Name: Ronald P. Romero Author-X-Name-First: Ronald P. Author-X-Name-Last: Romero Title: Beyond challenges and monetary compensation: human resource behaviours leading to firm's growth Abstract: This study examined the relationship between human resource behaviours and firm growth in IT enterprises in Beijing, China. Specifically, it evaluated the effects of innovative working behaviour, organisational citizenship, and employee resilience on firm growth. Using cluster sampling, 220 managers from selected IT enterprises responded to a survey questionnaire. Multi-regression analysis revealed that innovative working behaviour and organisational citizenship positively impact firm growth, while employee resilience showed no significant effect. The findings highlight the importance of employees' ability to generate innovative ideas, perform beyond formal responsibilities, and adapt to change in driving firm success. Interestingly, resilience did not translate into measurable growth benefits, suggesting its role may be indirect or context-dependent. This study is unique in applying multiple regression to assess the combined effects of these behaviours on firm growth and is the first in China to explore how human resource behaviours influence organisational performance. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 391-412 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: China; employee resilience; ER; firm growth; innovative working behaviour; IWB; IT industry; multi-regression analysis; organisational citizenship. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=149622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:4:p:391-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iragavarapu Sridhar Author-X-Name-First: Iragavarapu Author-X-Name-Last: Sridhar Author-Name: Kalyani Mulchandani Author-X-Name-First: Kalyani Author-X-Name-Last: Mulchandani Author-Name: Sahil Singh Jasrotia Author-X-Name-First: Sahil Singh Author-X-Name-Last: Jasrotia Author-Name: Ketan Mulchandani Author-X-Name-First: Ketan Author-X-Name-Last: Mulchandani Title: The interplay between board characteristics and governance scores: role of family ownership Abstract: This study aims to examine the interplay between family structures and board characteristics concerning their impact on governance scores in the Indian context. The study empirically tests data of firms listed on Nifty-50, and ten-year data from 2012 to 2021 is considered for analysis. Balanced panel data is formed with 500 firm-year observations. It shows the positive association of board size with governance scores. However, CEO-Chairman duality is found to have insignificant impact on the governance scores. The findings indicate that family ownership moderates the influence of board characteristics and governance scores. The negative moderating effect of family ownership on the relationship between independent directors and governance scores stresses on the challenges associated with maintaining independence and objectivity in family-owned firms. These findings have several implications for corporate governance practices and policy formulation and supports that firms should prioritise governance even during periods of financial distress to safeguard shareholder interests and long-term sustainability. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 413-432 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: board characteristics; family ownership; governance scores; CEO duality; independent directors; board size. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=149632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:4:p:413-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barkha Goyal Author-X-Name-First: Barkha Author-X-Name-Last: Goyal Author-Name: Rachita Gulati Author-X-Name-First: Rachita Author-X-Name-Last: Gulati Title: Indian insurance governance: evolutionary trends and signs of convergence Abstract: The paper examines the evolution of corporate governance practices within the Indian insurance industry from 2014 to 2021, focusing on <i>β</i>-and <i>σ</i>-convergence. A corporate governance index and its three sub-indices focusing on board effectiveness, audit function, and risk management are constructed using the principal component analysis. Convergence phenomena are analysed using the dynamic panel two-step system generalised method of moments (GMM) approach. Results indicate significant progress in governance quality, driven primarily by board practices and audit norms, though there remains ample potential for further improvement. <i>β</i>-and <i>σ</i>-convergence findings suggest that inadequately governed insurers are catching up with the better-governed insurers, particularly in board and audit governance. Further, the study divulges that non-life insurers need to put more effort into improving their governance structure. We recommend prioritising debt governance along with equity governance to control policy scams and improve the overall health of the Indian insurance market. Journal: Int. J. of Corporate Governance Pages: 355-390 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2025 Keywords: audit function; board effectiveness; β- and σ-convergence; corporate governance index; Indian insurers; risk management; system GMM. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=149636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijcgov:v:15:y:2025:i:4:p:355-390