Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lea Schneidemesser Author-X-Name-First: Lea Author-X-Name-Last: Schneidemesser Title: Between geoeconomic competition and local embeddedness - how Chinese investors influence digitalisation in acquired German manufacturing companies Abstract: The growing economic and geopolitical importance of digital technologies and data, coupled with the Chinese Government's expressed ambition for Chinese companies to occupy a leading position in this domain, raises questions regarding the role of acquired foreign subsidiaries in realising this objective. Drawing on comparative capitalism research, this paper discusses how local institutions, investor strategies, and the aspirations of the Chinese Government interact to shape the digital transformation of manufacturing companies in Germany. It empirically investigates how digitalisation is unfolding in 15 German manufacturing companies with Chinese investors and enhances the understanding of the influence of Chinese MNCs on company-level digitalisation abroad. The eight companies that undertake digitalisation projects show that the German companies mainly control the digitalisation of processes while Chinese parent companies and subsidiaries in China play a key role in developing digital business models. This signals a shift in innovation patterns and changes in inter-firm relationships. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 1-27 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: digitalisation; Chinese investment; comparative capitalism; global China; business model innovation; Industry 4.0. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=146922 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Open Access Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:5:p:1-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Márcio Henrique Fronteli Author-X-Name-First: Márcio Henrique Author-X-Name-Last: Fronteli Author-Name: Edson Pacheco Paladini Author-X-Name-First: Edson Pacheco Author-X-Name-Last: Paladini Title: The development of subscription car service in Brazil Abstract: Car subscription services in Brazil are offered both by vehicle manufacturers and independent rental companies (IRC). This study aims to structure the car subscription business model provided by vehicle manufacturers in Brazil using an exploratory-qualitative approach. The research involved participation from subscription program managers and car rental industry experts. The obtained results encompass the characterisation of the car subscription service and market in Brazil. Additionally, driving factors and barriers for the development of this business model were identified. Subsequently, the results were analysed and integrated into a new framework for the business model. These findings contribute to expanding the understanding of business models based on digital servitisation and provide insights for further research. The conclusions emphasise that the car subscription service in Brazil is on an upward trajectory; however, it still requires updates and adaptations to fully meet the demands of the consumer market. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 38-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: business model; digital servitisation; automotive sector; car subscription; Brazil. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:1:p:38-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aditya Gautam Author-X-Name-First: Aditya Author-X-Name-Last: Gautam Author-Name: Asif Akhtar Author-X-Name-First: Asif Author-X-Name-Last: Akhtar Author-Name: Mrinalini Shah Author-X-Name-First: Mrinalini Author-X-Name-Last: Shah Author-Name: Usha Gautam Author-X-Name-First: Usha Author-X-Name-Last: Gautam Title: Empirical analysis, mapping and prioritisation of supply chain risk - Indian automotive context Abstract: Supply chain risk management has become a crucial topic of interest for both academics and professionals, owing to the ever-changing and complex nature of the contemporary business environment. The challenges posed to sustainability have forced businesses to rethink their strategies, and it is imperative to prioritise supply chain risks to ensure their long-term success. This article aims to study the Indian automobile supply chain empirically and explores the various supply chain risks from the articles published between 2010 and 2024 and subsequent brainstorming sessions with 25 industry practitioners. After discussion and feedback from industry experts, an online survey was distributed to the industry professionals. A total of 100 responses were collected. Finally, the feedback from expert panels and survey results are used to calculate the risk priority number (RPN) to prioritise each risk using the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach. Based on RPN value, the risks are classified into three classes: high, medium and low. In our study, we found that the automobile industry is largely impacted by external supply chain risk, and therefore seeks the constant attention of industry experts to secure their supply chain from the adverse effect of these risks. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 16-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: automobile industry; empirical analysis; failure mode and effect analysis; FMEA; India; supply chain risk; survey; brainstorming. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:1:p:16-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arif Anugraha Author-X-Name-First: Arif Author-X-Name-Last: Anugraha Author-Name: Hargo Utomo Author-X-Name-First: Hargo Author-X-Name-Last: Utomo Title: Are we ready yet? Assessing Indonesia's readiness for transformative EV battery end-of-life management Abstract: Indonesia has big ambitions to become a major player in the EV ecosystem, including EV batteries, but currently lacks a comprehensive system for managing its end-of-life phase. This research explores how end-of-life management for EV batteries can be effectively implemented in Indonesia by examining the country's regulatory, economic, and social readiness. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted and analysed through content analysis based on pre-coded data. The readiness level is assessed by benchmarking Indonesia's EV battery ecosystem development against global best practices. The findings of this research indicate that several regulations need to be adjusted to place greater emphasis on end-of-life management for EV batteries. The secondary market for used EV batteries is also key to maximising their economic value. Additionally, raising public awareness about the importance of energy transition is essential to boosting demand for EV batteries. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 84-102 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: end-of-life management; electric vehicle battery; circular economy; sustainability; readiness level. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:1:p:84-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bettina Arnegger Author-X-Name-First: Bettina Author-X-Name-Last: Arnegger Author-Name: Michael Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Author-Name: Rohinton Emmanuel Author-X-Name-First: Rohinton Author-X-Name-Last: Emmanuel Author-Name: Craig Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Colin Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: A systematic review of the secondary market aspects of electrified vehicles Abstract: In response to the market shift towards electric mobility, this paper presents a systematic literature review of the secondary market aspects of electrified vehicles. Following PRISMA guidelines, a search across 11 databases yielded 4,120 records. After removing duplicates, 4,006 unique articles were screened, with 14 assessed in full text. Including additional grey literature, 12 contributions were included in the final sample. This research organises the aspects of the secondary market by categorising them according to the market forces concept. Key issues impacting consumers include resale value, range anxiety, and confidence in refurbished EVs. For trade and industry, it highlights the critical role of battery state-of-health and Tesla's direct-to-consumer model. For government behaviour, it discusses import/ export challenges and emphasises robust end-of-life management. It also explores the role of public procurement in adding used EVs to the market. This paper provides a foundational reference for future research and framing of the secondary EV market. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 1-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: EV; electric vehicle; secondary market; second-hand EV. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:1:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Pinheiro Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Pinheiro Author-Name: Eduardo Jara Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Jara Author-Name: Pietro Lanzini Author-X-Name-First: Pietro Author-X-Name-Last: Lanzini Title: The automotive sector at the end of the ICE age? Market insights to manage a new ecosystem Abstract: The automotive ecosystem is experiencing a <i>perfect storm</i> where new technologies, new business models and sociological changes are bound to reshape the structure of the industry, leading to a new paradigm affecting strategies and performances of carmakers and actors of the supply chain. As electrification arguably represents the key factor of such transition, there is a need to shed light on market perceptions in terms of attitudes, expectations and concerns about electric vehicles. To this end, we performed a cross-national study based on primary data collected in two distinct markets: Brazil and Italy (N = 1,086). In presenting emerging results, we illustrate both common traits and specificities of the two contexts and we discuss the role of different legislative frameworks and public discourse in framing market sentiment, as to provide players with a solid informational background on which to shape their strategies. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 64-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: automotive; battery electric vehicle; BEV; electric vehicles; fit for 55. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:1:p:64-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabio Antonialli Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Author-X-Name-Last: Antonialli Author-Name: Sylvie Mira-Bonnardel Author-X-Name-First: Sylvie Author-X-Name-Last: Mira-Bonnardel Title: Leveraging the CASE paradigm for inclusive and sustainable public transport: an economic evaluation of autonomous and on-demand services Abstract: This study evaluates the integration of connected, autonomous, shared, and electric (CASE) vehicles in public transport, focusing on enhancing inclusivity, reducing environmental impacts, and promoting economic sustainability. It aims to address peri-urban mobility challenges by offering adaptable, on-demand transport solutions that improve connectivity and accessibility for underserved populations. Key contributions include: demonstrating how CASE vehicles can enhance social inclusion by providing flexible, reliable transport options, particularly in areas with limited traditional public transport; highlighting the potential of CASE vehicles to significantly lower carbon emissions and pollution, aligning with global sustainability goals; and evaluating the economic viability of autonomous transport solutions, showing how they can reduce operational costs and improve financial efficiency. The findings suggest that CASE paradigms can transform public transport networks into sustainable, inclusive, and economically viable systems, addressing the pressing mobility needs of modern urban landscapes. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 108-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: CASE vehicles; public transport; peri-urban mobility; sustainable transportation; economic evaluation; inclusivity. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:2:p:108-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michal Hrubý Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Hrubý Author-Name: Stanislav Šaroch Author-X-Name-First: Stanislav Author-X-Name-Last: Šaroch Title: Revisiting foreign input exposure in the auto industry: Czechia meets China Abstract: What is the input exposure of the automotive industry to foreign countries, including China? This paper revisits the traditional question from international economics with an updated input-output dataset spanning 1995-2020 and a new taxonomy for foreign production exposure. We summarise stylised facts on the development of the EU automotive supply and value chains, adding knowledge on trade in inputs. We find that the Czech auto industry's total input exposure to China through gross trade flows in 2020 is 1.59 times higher than the directly observed exposure and reaches a 5.6% exposure level. The value-added input exposure also achieves a steadily growing trend in the observed period and the same significant acceleration within the last two observed years. Moreover, we show how Czech battery imports affect the trade balance with China and discuss the outlook for the Czech automotive industry with an almost non-existent domestic battery industry and its policy implications. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 167-185 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: global value chains; input-output analysis; foreign exposure; input exposure; automotive industry; electromobility; battery electric vehicles; industrial policy; Czechia; China. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:2:p:167-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stéphane Heim Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane Author-X-Name-Last: Heim Author-Name: Jaeho Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jaeho Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Kosuke Kakitani Author-X-Name-First: Kosuke Author-X-Name-Last: Kakitani Title: The changing geography of the automotive industry in an era of car electrification: a critical assessment Abstract: In an era of car electrification, new players are emerging along the supply chain, peripheral countries are playing a more important role, and the position of integrator of incumbent car makers is being called into question. The aim of this paper is to take a critical look at the real transformations taking place in the global automotive industry. It scrutinises the renegotiation of the role of incumbent car makers in different parts of the world. It highlights three main trends. First, there are major and disruptive changes following the deployment of Chinese battery and EV makers. Second, the geography of the automobile industry has not been profoundly altered, and EVs accentuate the productive relocation to integrated peripheral nations. Third, Japan's position as an all-electric alternative highlights the path dependency historically built around policies targeting GHG emissions, hybrid technologies, and product policies designed by car and component makers. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 186-198 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: EV; geography of automobile production; LIB supply chain; path dependency; battery chemistries; industrial policies; product strategies; productive internationalisation. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147840 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:2:p:186-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristin Dziczek Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Dziczek Title: How UAW and Ford, GM and Stellantis addressed US battery manufacturing work in 2023-2028 contracts Abstract: The US auto industry is undergoing a transition to electric vehicles (EVs) that holds both promise and peril for autoworkers, their unions, and the communities in which they work. This research examines battery manufacturing in the US auto industry, the UAW's policy position on vehicle electrification, the 2023 UAW contract protections that address battery plant workers wages and job security with Ford, GM and Stellantis, and the first UAW agreement with a US battery manufacturer (GM-LG Joint Venture Ultium Cells LLC). The paper also explores the challenges and opportunities facing unions amid the global shift to electrified vehicles. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 199-215 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: automakers; automotive industry; automotive manufacturing; battery industry; electric vehicles; employment; industrial policies; labour organisations; lithium ion battery; North America. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:2:p:199-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hua Wang Author-X-Name-First: Hua Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Chuanjuan Wu Author-X-Name-First: Chuanjuan Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jinquan Xu Author-X-Name-First: Jinquan Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Bin Li Author-X-Name-First: Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Understanding the emergence of Chinese new energy carmakers - the perspective of productive model Abstract: This paper examines the emergence of Chinese carmakers in the global new energy vehicle (NEV) market through the framework of productive models (Boyer and Freyssenet, 2002). We observe that the competitive viability of Chinese NEV carmakers results from the joint endeavours of the government, industry stakeholders and the substantial market size, while highlighting the increasing influence of Chinese consumers, and the importance of leapfrogging towards the disruptive technology through the creation of ecosystem. To address these dynamics, the paper proposes an updated productive model that incorporates 'consumer' and 'technology and ecosystem' as integral components. A preliminary examination of BYD's productive model facilitates a comparative analysis of Taylorian, Fordian, and Toyotian paradigms, offering new insights into the evolution of productive models in the global automotive industry. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 129-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: Chinese carmaker; consumer behaviour; industrial policy; geopolitics; new energy vehicle; NEV; productive model. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:2:p:129-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wei Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Boy Luethje Author-X-Name-First: Boy Author-X-Name-Last: Luethje Title: Disintegration, core competency, and industry structure: Chinese automotive OEMs in electrification and digitalisation Abstract: The article proposes a framework based on core competency to analyse the structure of China's electric vehicle (EV) industry. We treat the emerging EV industry as a complete and independent unit newly created, not a branch derived from the existing internal combustion engine (ICE) automotive industry. It is vertically disintegrated into three blocks: a battery industry, an intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) sub-sector, and a segment composed of all EV original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). We discover that vertical disintegration and (re)integration are advancing rapidly and vertically specialised mass production has been consolidated in some key block. With the powerful rise of ICV industry ecosystem, loosely structured strategic alliances between major players of different industry seem to be the dominant form of vertically specialised production networks for the future. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 148-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: industry structure; vertical integration; core competency; product architecture; electric vehicle; EV; internal combustion engine; ICE; original equipment manufacturer; OEM; China. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=147857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:2:p:148-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Caria Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Caria Author-Name: Francesco Garibaldo Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Garibaldo Author-Name: Matteo Rinaldini Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Rinaldini Title: Variegated digitalisation? Comparing digital trajectories in two I4.0 manufactures in Northern Italy Abstract: The debate on digitisation and changes in manufacturing has focused on the <i>digital twin</i>/<i>digital shadow</i>, two trajectories of technology implementation with different implications for work processes. At the same time, many studies suggest that digitalisation in practice is implemented in different ways on the base of the characteristics of the context, nurturing the <i>varieties of digital capitalism</i> theoretical perspective. This paper explores empirically the digital trajectories implemented by two German owned manufacture plants in Northern Italy. Both companies, leaders in their respective fields (sports cars and high-tech room air conditioners), are inspired by lean principles and adhere to the I4.0 paradigm, to which the literature refers the <i>digital twin</i> trajectory, but the two companies are characterised by different contexts. The results suggest that in both cases, despite adherence to the I4.0 paradigm, there is a predominance of the <i>digital shadow</i> trajectory, but the underlying reasons for this predominance differ. On a theoretical level, while the study confirms the usefulness of the <i>varieties of digital capitalism</i> perspective, it also suggests the opportunity to complement it with the concept of <i>variegated digitalisation</i>, a more appropriate concept to understand the multiscalar dimension and the polymorphic and dynamic character of contexts. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 250-273 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: Industry 4.0; lean production; digital twin/shadow trajectories; manufacturing; variegated digitalisation; varieties of digitalisation; Italy. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148813 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:3:p:250-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Muniz Jr. Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Muniz Author-X-Name-Last: Jr. Author-Name: Timothy P. Munyon Author-X-Name-First: Timothy P. Author-X-Name-Last: Munyon Author-Name: Anderson S. Costa Author-X-Name-First: Anderson S. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Vagner B. Ribeiro Author-X-Name-First: Vagner B. Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro Title: Digital transformation within the Brazilian automotive industry Abstract: This paper aims to assess digital readiness in the Brazilian automotive industry. The findings are based on the perspective of Brazilian managers involved in digital transformation implementation. A survey was applied (five-point Likert scale) for 118 respondents from main Brazilian automotive companies who implement or use digital technologies. Although respondents indicate that their organisation has an inspiring vision of how digital technologies create a future of shared value and an understanding of how the competitive landscape changes due to digital trends, they indicate that their organisations need to improve their implementation plans for using digital technologies to achieve business objectives and also experience difficulty leveraging these technologies to improve strategic performance. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 297-320 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: digital transformation; automotive; Industry 4.0; readiness; Brazil. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148814 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:3:p:297-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: António B. Moniz Author-X-Name-First: António B. Author-X-Name-Last: Moniz Author-Name: Marta Candeias Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Candeias Author-Name: Nuno Boavida Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Boavida Title: Digitalisation from logistics to assembly lines: applications in the Portuguese automotive sector Abstract: The digitalisation of logistics and assembly lines in the Portuguese automotive sector is reshaping manufacturing processes, work organisation and competence requirements. The research aims to assess the challenges and opportunities associated with these technological changes and their impact on workforce skills and organisational structures. Findings suggest that digitalisation is progressing unevenly across logistics and production, with logistics leading in automation while production struggles with legacy systems and high costs. The shift to alternative engines supports digitalisation, but significant workforce skill gaps in AI and digital systems remain a challenge. Companies are implementing internal training, yet outdated vocational programs fail to address Industry 4.0 needs. Rather than full automation, digitalisation is fostering new human-machine collaboration, requiring cooperation between AI specialists, managers, and workers. To ensure success, policymakers and industry leaders must prioritise workforce reskilling and align digital strategies with labour market realities. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 274-296 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: logistics; digitalisation; manufacturing; work organisation; qualifications; automotive; Portugal. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:3:p:274-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Ferschli Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Ferschli Author-Name: Miriam Rehm Author-X-Name-First: Miriam Author-X-Name-Last: Rehm Author-Name: Stella Zilian Author-X-Name-First: Stella Author-X-Name-Last: Zilian Title: Spurring monopolies and fettering automation? Determinants of variations of output, employment and productivity in OECD automotive industries following the financial crisis Abstract: This paper estimates the effects robotic automation has had on output, employment and labour productivity, in the automotive sectors of 22 OECD countries following the financial crisis. The results of the analysis show that robot-use is a significant factor in explaining labour productivity, employment and output in the analysed period. However, its effects show significant variation between sectors and countries. In explaining this variation, the paper illustrates the importance of the relative strength of 'employment' and 'output' of automation, highlighting differences in trajectory between 'core' and 'periphery' automotive sectors within the OECD. The findings therefore lend credence to accounts which have argued that rather than automation per se, it is structural changes and crisis, in particular of output, which have had the most significant influence on manufacturing employment in the recent decades. Journal: Int. J. of Automotive Technology and Management Pages: 220-249 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2025 Keywords: automation; stagnation; productivity; robots; automotive sector; manufacturing sector; monopolisation. File-URL: http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=148827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:ids:ijatma:v:25:y:2025:i:3:p:220-249